Luther Leads the Reformation

1. Luther Leads the Reformation Section 3

2. Setting the Stage and Causes of the Reformation • Catholic church dominates • Practices were criticized • Church leaders wanted wealth and power • Criticism will lead to rebellion • Causes of Reformation • Emphasis on secularism • Printing press spread Renaissance Ideas • Monarchies challenge church’s power • Merchants hated paying taxes to church in Rome • New movement begins in Germany

3. Criticisms of the Catholic Church • Leaders were corrupt • Pope Alexander VI fathered many children • Many priest and monks could not read, they drank, and some married • Early calls for reform • People expected higher standards of clergy • John Wycliffe and Jan Hus – two well known people who called for church reforms • They argued the Bible had more authority than church leaders • People were also reading religious work and forming their own opinions

4. Luther Challenges the Church • Taught scripture at University of Wittenberg • The 95 Theses • Took public stand against Friar Tetzel • Tetzel was raising $ to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral • $ raised by selling indulgences- pardon for sin • They could buy their way into heaven • 95 Theses written in response • Posted on door of church in Wittenberg, Germany on Oct. 31, 1517 • Invited scholars to debate him • Someone took these to printer • These actions began the Reformation- movement for religious reform

5. Luther’s Teachings • Went beyond criticizing indulgences • 3 main ideas: • Salvation only by faith…. Not “good works” • Teachings from Bible only… church traditions and Pope are false authorities • All people with faith are equal… priests not needed to interpret Bible

6. The Response to Luther • Attracted followers because it became a way to challenge church control • Pope’s Threat • Viewed Luther as rebellious • Luther urged Christians to oust the Pope • Pope Leo X- threatened Luther with excommunication – which he did

7. Impact of Luther’s Teaching Peasant Revolt Germany at War Some German Princes supported both Lutheranism and some Catholicism Those who were against Luther and his reform ideas were called Protestants Peace of Augsburg – agreement reached that stated the Princes could decide which religion his state would be – ended fighting Religious Freedom in Germany • Revolt occurred inspired by Luther’s ideas • This revolt went against Luther’s wishes • German Princes stopped the revolt (killing 100,000 in the process) • Many peasants felt betrayed by Luther

8. Another Challenge to the Church • Henry wanted to divorce his wife Catherine, 42, and marry a younger wife, they had 1 daughter, Mary • Church law said no divorce • Pope offered to annul, or set aside, his marriage but Henry refused England Become Protestant King Henry VIII, a Catholic, wanted a son to carry on his name. He was also against the ideas of Luther.

9. Henry got parliament to end Pope’s power in England – this became known as the Reformation Parliament • Henry married a younger Anne Boleyn • Act of Supremacy – named Henry as the head of England’s Church • Pope and Catholic Church are out of England Henry VIII

10. Anne Boleyn gave him a daughter, Elizabeth • Anne was found guilty of treason and beheaded • Jane Seymour, 3rd wife, gave him a son, Edward – Jane died • Henry married 3 more times – no more children Henry’s Legacy

11. Wives of Henry VIII

12. 1547 - Edward , 9 when he ruled, was controlled by Protestant advisors and reforms(ruled only 6 years) • 1553- Mary, a Catholic, brought the Pope back in as leader of the church (she had many Protestants killed) • 1558 -Elizabeth ruled – set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church (mix of Protestant and Catholic ways) • Beginning of the Elizabethan Age Rule of Henry’s children

13. The Reformation Continues

14. Reformation Continues • John Calvin • Believed that God choose very few people to save – These people were called the Chosen • “God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved” – this is called Predestination • Religion based on Calvin’s teachings is called Calvinism

15. Calvinism • Promoted that the ideal government was a Theocracy or government controlled by religious leaders • Established this in Switzerland – Strict rules • 1) No bright clothing • 2) No playing cards • Penalty for breaking rules was Imprisonment

16. Protestantism Spreads • John Knox heavily influenced by John Calvin • He established a community where all the churches were governed by laymen, elders or Presbyters • Became known as Presbyterians Many Protestant churches can trace their roots back to John Calvin

17. Other Protestant Reforms • Protestants believed that the Bible was the source for all religious truth. As Christians read the Bible, new groups formed. • Anabaptist – Believed that people who had been baptized as children should be baptized as Adults. • Believed that Church and State should be separate • Refused to fight in Wars • Persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants

18. Catholic Reformation • Many Catholics remained loyal to the church despite the problems • The movement to correct the problems within the Catholic church became known as the Catholic Reformation, or Counter Reformation. • A group that was formed out of this was the Jesuits

19. Council of Trent • The Council of Trent was formed to created new rules, or doctrines, for the church to follow • 1. Church’s idea of the Bible was final. • 2. Christians need faith and good works for salvation. • 3. Bible and Church are equally powerful. • 4. Indulgences are not valid

20. Legacy of the Reformation • On a separate sheet of paper, Identify 3 Religious and Social impacts of the Reformation. • Also identify 3 Political impacts of the Reformation