Luther Leads the Reformation

1. Chapter 1 sec 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Chapter Objective Analyze the new ideas and values that led to the Renaissance and the Reformation. Sec.3 Luther Leads the ReformationAnalyze causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.

2. Causes for the Reformation Church Authority is Challenged • Secularism, individualism of Renaissance challenge Church Authority. • Secularism – concern for worldly, not religious matters. • Rulers challenge Church’s power • Printing Press spreads secular ideas • Northern merchants resent paying church taxes

3. Causes for the Reformation continued Criticisms of the Catholic church • Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes • Poorly educated priests Early Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress bibles authority over clergy’s • Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas Moore are vocal critics of the Church • Reading religious works, Europeans form own opinions about Church

4. Luther Challenges the Church The 95 Theses • Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences • Indulgences- a pardon releasing a person from penalty for a sin • In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants” • Luther’s Theses circulate throughout Germany • Luther launches the Reformation – a movement for religious reform • Reformation rejects the pope’s authority

5. Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat • Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther • Excommunicate – banished from the church. • Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away • Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated

6. The Response to Luther cont… The Emperor’s Opposition • Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor • He issues Edict of Worms, declaring Luther a heretic • Luther and followers begin a separate religious group - Lutherans

7. The Response to Luther cont… The Peasant’s Revolt • Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom • Princes crush revolt, about 100,000 people die Germany at War • Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants • Fighting breaks out between Catholic and Protestant Princes • Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to Catholic Church • Peace of Augsburg – each prince can decide religion of his state.

8. England Becomes Protestant • Henry VIII Wants a Son • • Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule England • • Henry wants a divorce; Pope refuses to annul— • set aside—his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

9. England Becomes Protestant The Reformation Parliament • Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England • Henry remarries, becomes official head of England’s Church • Thomas More refuses to go against Catholic Church and is beheaded

10. Execution of Thomas More

11. The Act of Supremacy Thomas More spoke out against Henry in 1534 and was arrested and executed. The Act of Supremacy stated that England’s citizens must renounce the Pope’s authority and to accept Henry as the official leader of the Church of England. Henry died in 1547 Henry>>>Edward VI>>>Mary>>>Elizabeth Henry VIII just 9 years old Catherine’s daughter Anne Boleyn’s died in 1547 ruled 6 years restored Catholicism daughter

12. Henry VIII

13. England Becomes Protestant VS. Phillip II Elizabeth I Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges • Some Protestants and Catholics oppose Elizabeth • Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens England • Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict with Parliament

14. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism In 1559 Parliament officially set up the Anglican Church, making her the head of the church. Elizabeth created reforms that appealed to both Catholics and Protestants, many catholic traditions continued but priests could marry.

15. Elizabeth’s challenges Catholics still tried to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots, her cousin. Philip II tried to launch a Spanish invasion, he failed. Elizabeth constantly feuded with parliament over money.

16. Section 4 The Reformation Continues Upon completion, students should: Identify the specific examples of protestant growth in Europe. Describe the ways in which the Catholic church responded to protestant expansion. Summarize the reforms of the church

17. John Calvin and Calvinism Religious theologian. Founder of Calvinist thought, ruler of Geneva His ideas would spread through Europe. One of the more powerful Christian reformers The idea that God has already decided who is to be saved, your actions really don’t matter.

18. John Calvin More than just religious scholar, a leader as well. Calvin ruled Geneva as a theocracy (a government based on religious laws) Anyone who did not follow his rules were either banished or executed.

19. Calvinism spreads In Scotland Calvinism spread, followers were known as Presbyterians. • In France Calvinists followers were called Huguenots.

20. Catholic Reform St. Ignatius of Loyola In 1522 he wrote Spiritual Exercises Daily plan for meditation, prayer and study Over time he gathered followers In 1540 his followers were named an official religious order by the Pope, called Jesuits.

21. Jesuits: Defenders of the church The “Jesuits” spread throughout Europe They created rigorous but EXCELLENT schools Concentrated equally on classical works and theology Spread Catholicism through Europe Held off Protestant advancement in Poland and Southern Germany

22. Pope Paul and the Council of Trent Pope Paul III Led the reformation Investigated indulgences Called the Council of Trent

23. Council of Trent The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. You need faith AND good works to get into heaven Indulgences were valid expression of faith, but false purchase of them was banned

24. Impacts of the Reformation: Protestant churches flourished Formation of church schools and universities Church political authority declined in Europe as monarchs and states gained power. Roots of the Enlightenment were formed as people began to question other ideas long held by the church.