Martin Luther and the Reformation

1. Western Civilization January 213, 2014 Martin Luther and the Reformation

2. He Said It • I am more afraid of my own heart than of the pope and all his cardinals. I have within me the great pope, self. -- Martin Luther • Whatever your heart clings to and confides in, that is really your god. -- Martin Luther • All religions must be tolerated for every man must go to heaven his own way. -- Frederick The Great

3. Christian Humanism • Humans can reason and improve themselves • Wanted to break from Catholic Church • Influence of Christian Humanists led to split in the Church • Known as the Protestant Reformation Desiderius Erasmus

4. Influences on the Reformation • Printing Press • Johann Gutenberg • 1456 – first Bible printed • Allowed Latin texts to be more widely read, especially those concerning the clergy and the pope • Made Europe more literate, resulting in a greater and freer exchange of ideas • Martin Luther

6. Church Corruption Pope Leo X • Popes using their power to influence politics • Indulgences • Certificates sold by the Church to forgive sins • Even sold for future sins AND dead relatives! • Used wealth of Church (from indulgences) for extravagant building projects • Example: St. Peter’s Basilica

11. Martin Luther • German-born; lived and worked in Wittenberg • Luther was struck by lighting and lived. • Made a pact with god: “Save me, and I will offer this life to the church.” • Luther claimed to “see the light” after being shocked by lightning.

12. Martin Luther • Worried God would not find him acceptable, so he prayed to Saint Paul. • He discovered a passage which “spoke” to him: • “He who through faith is righteous shall live.” (Romans 1:17)

13. Martin Luther “He who through faith is righteous shall live.” • Luther considered this the “Justification of Faith” • Chief doctrine of the Protestant Church: Justification of faith alone • Faith in God was your ticket to heaven • How is this contradictory to the church?

14. A Push for Change • Johann Tetzel: "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs" • Luther had considered himself “loyal opposition” • Realized church was not as “holy” as he had thought

15. The 95 Theses • He wrote his 95 Theses in 1522 • A call for discussion and reform of Church practices • Luther became the spokesperson for the commoners and priests dissatisfied with the Church • How does Luther view faith and the Church?

17. The 95 Theses • Read through Luther’s 95 Theses • Discuss what Luther is saying in each of his first 10 theses with your pod • Then, rewrite the theses IN YOUR OWN WORDS on the back • This will be collected, maybe

18. Agenda • Discuss Luther’s 95 Theses • Protestantism Video • Compare Catholics & Protestants

19. More Treatise • Freedom of a Christian • Written to Pope Leo X • To the Nobility of the German Nation • Written to the German people to evoke nationalism • On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church • Written to the clerics of the church

20. A Call for Action • Called for German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany • The division of Germany into many states allowed Lutheranism to spread quickly • End to celibacy – priests marry • Attacked Catholic sacraments • Kept 2 – Baptism and Eucharist • Maintained that faith, not good deeds, brings salvation

21. The Church’s Response • Excommunication (1521) • Edict of Worms • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, outraged • Made Luther an enemy of the state • Frederick of Saxony • Hid and protected Luther • These actions sparked considerable interest in Luther’s teachings

23. German Politics • Charles V, King of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor • Despised the Reformation • Problems for Charles • Territorial conflict with Francis I of France • 20 years of war • Ottoman Turks • German Princes • Reformation = increased authority

24. German Politics • Charles failed to defeat German-states’ break with the Church • Peace of Augsburg (1555) • German states free to choose religion • Rulers choose, not individuals • Lutheran states granted same legal rights

25. Catholic Reformation • Or, Catholic Revival • Or, Counter-Reformation • Lasted 1560-1648 • Reasons: • Spread of Protestantism • Concern of Catholics

26. Catholic Reformation • Girolamo Savonarola • Approved of “Justification of Faith” but not to Luther’s extreme • Sir Thomas More • Wrote Utopia • Called for secular (non-religious) government • Major criticism of church and papal power

27. Council of Trent • Meeting of bishops between 1545 and 1558 • Met in the city of Trent • Attempted to reform church doctrine in response to reformers’ criticisms • Luxurious living • Absent bishops • Nepotism • Seven sacraments

28. Council of Trent • Results: • Increased papal control • Papacy purged (I guess) • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings: • Good deeds + faith = salvation • Seven sacraments remain • Transubstantiation remains • Clerical celibacy remains • Belief in purgatory strengthened – selling indulgences gone.

30. Jesuits • Formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 • Their work included: • preaching; • teaching; administering hospitals, orphanages, and colleges; • writing books; • tutoring royal children; • traveling to distant lands for missionary efforts.