The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution The Revolution that changed the world forever

2. Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution • An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years • The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically • More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history

3. What was the Industrial Revolution? • The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines • The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies

4. The Industrial Revolution • Transportation improved • Ships • Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships • Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers • Trains • Automobiles • Communication improved • Telegraph • Telephone • Radio

5. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

6. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

7. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

8. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” • The process of inventing never ends • One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

9. Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing • Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done • Industrial Revolution – a change from making things using human and animal labor to making goods using machine labor.

10. Vertical Integration – The merger of companies at different levels of production for a single product. What does that mean? • Horizontal Integration – The merger of companies at the same level of production of a single product. Can you explain? • Laissez-Faire – “Leave business alone” without laws or regulations to restrict business.

11. Imperialism –US and other industrialized nations took advantage of other lands for their own economic gain. “Taking over foreign lands (military, economic, political)” • Social Darwinism – The belief that the societal groups are controlled by the same rules governing ‘survival of the fittest’ in nature • Gospel of Wealth – The belief that the wealthy have the responsibility to care for the poor/needy (from the Gospels of Christianity)

12. Transportation • Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on the horse and their own feet to get around. • With the invention of the steam locomotive, transportation took a huge step forward. • The first two major railroad companies were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

13. Passenger carriers

15. An original steam engine

16. Steam locomotive

17. Leland Stanford • Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

18. Textiles • With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom, the textile industry took off. • Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before. • The Textile industry was the first to industrialize.

19. Spinning wheel • The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow. • Threads were spun one at a time, by hand.

20. The spinning jenny • The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel.

21. The Spinning Mule • The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand. • More cloth could now be made.

22. The Power Mule

23. The power loom • The power loom used water power to weave cloth • People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

25. A cotton factory

26. Agriculture • Advances in agriculture were also made. • The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly. • The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently. • More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

27. The seed drill

28. The reaper • The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. It would take a long time to do it by hand. Individuals were not always paid very well for their labor either.

29. The mechanical reaper The mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

30. Steel • With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller. • Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall. • The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

31. Smoke stacks of a factory

32. A melting plant

33. Pollution • One of the bad things about Industrialization was pollution.

34. Andrew Carnegie • Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business. • He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

35. The electric light • Can you imagine what life would be like without the electric light? • Thomas Edison invented the electric light. • Thomas Edison also invented many other things, like the phonograph.

36. Thomas Edison

38. The phonograph

39. Telegraph • In 1844, Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph by sending a message to Baltimore from the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington, DC. The message, "What hath God wrought?," marks the beginning of a new era in communication. • The telegraph used dots and dashes to send messages over electric lines. These dots and dashes became known as Morse Code.

42. Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell patented the first telephone in 1876.

44. John D. Rockefeller • 1870 - John D. Rockefeller became the richest man in the world in the oil business. • He created Standard Oil Company. • Oil began being used in all types of machines, like cars.

45. Henry Ford • 1908 - Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T. • The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.

46. Samuel Gompers • 1886 - With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers. • Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

47. Orville and Wilber Wright • 1903 - The Wright brothers were the first men to successfully fly an airplane. • The flight lasted only twelve seconds, but it proved men could fly.

48. Industrial Revolution Changes Society, Economy, Culture • Social Darwinism: Some believe their wealth was deserved because they worked for it. Those who weren’t wealthy socially weak. • Gospel of Wealth: Some believed that it was a Christian’s duty to give to the needy and the new wealthy class ought to share their wealth. • Socialism & Communismdevelop in response to the unfair wealth distribution and working practices.

49. Socialism & Communism • Communism – society owns the means of production; the economy & government provide for the needs of the citizens. • Belief that capitalism is designed to create poverty and poor working conditions because of its end goal of earning maximum profits for investors (individuals) • Motto: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” • Theorized to be the end-result of economic progression. • Socialism – government owns most of the means of production and operates it for public benefit. • Belief that if the government (“the people”) owns the means of production, these factories and industries will function in the public (as opposed to private) interest • Motto: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution.” • Theorized to be an essential step before achieving communism.

50. Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Utopian socialist • Owned a textile factory in New Lanark, Scotland • Set up a model community in New Harmony, Indiana • Decreased working hours • Improved working conditions and employee housing • Shared management and profits with employees • Proved that a socialist-based company could be profitable