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The Jefferson Years

The Jefferson Years. Jeffersonian Democracy. A. Until masses could be educated, political rule needed to be entrusted to agrarian aristocracy. B. Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted regional power to South and West from mercantile aristocracy of Northeast. I. Jeffersonian Democracy (cont).

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The Jefferson Years

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  1. The Jefferson Years

  2. Jeffersonian Democracy • A. Until masses could be educated, political rule needed to be entrusted to agrarian aristocracy. • B. Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted regional power to South and West from mercantile aristocracy of Northeast

  3. I. Jeffersonian Democracy (cont) • C. Jefferson's views: • 1) Faith in the perfectibility of man • 2) Insistence on strong local governments • 3) Each generation should remake its laws to stimulate democracy

  4. The Northwest Territory

  5. II. Native American Affairs • A. As Americans move west, they are encroaching on Native American lands. • 1) This leads to conflicts, including several battles • 2) The British maintain forts in this “Northwest Territory” which was not part of the United States

  6. II. Native American Affairs (cont) • B. Battles with the Miami Confederacy in the areas around Ohio • 1) Indians led by Little Turtle and supplied by the British • 2) Third American attempt led by General “Mad” Anthony Wayne

  7. B. Miami Confederacy (cont) • 3) Little Turtle is replaced with another leader, fight the Battle of Fallen Timbers • 4) Battle results in strong American victory • 5) Leads to the surrender of the Miami Confederacy and their lands

  8. III. Domestic Problems • A. Midnight judges & judicial review • 1) Marbury and 15 other Federalist judges were appointed as Adams' term expired. • 2) John Marshall rejected their claim, contending that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. • a) Victory for DRs--Federalists ousted • b) Victory for Federalists--greatly expanded power of Supreme Court by establishing precedent of court ruling laws unconstitutional.

  9. III. Domestic Problems (cont) • B. Burr Conspiracy • 1) Federalists seek his election as New York governor to attempt secession from Union. Hamilton opposes plan. • 2) Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in duel • 3) Burr moves west to avoid prosecution and conspires with Wilkinson, the military governor of Louisiana, to establish a western nation with British help • 4) Wilkinson betrayed Burr and arrested him for treason. A jury found Burr not guilty, but sectional tensions persisted.

  10. IV. Foreign Problems • A. Louisiana Purchase • 1) France acquires Louisiana from Spain in 1801 and restricts American access to New Orleans • 2) Jefferson sent agents in Paris to purchase New Orleans. • 3) Short on cash and faltering in an invasion of Haiti, Napoleon offers entire territory for $15 million

  11. Louisiana Purchase Map

  12. A. Louisiana Purchase (cont) • 4) Jefferson's vision of an American continent outweighed his belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Louisiana Territory was added to the U.S. • 5) Two expeditions sent out to explore new land: • a) Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (1804-6) ascended Missouri river to its source, and then crossed the Rockies to the Pacific. • b) Zebulon Pike (1805) explored headwaters of Mississippi and southern Rocky Mountains.

  13. IV. Foreign Problems (cont) • B. Conflict over neutral rights • 1) British and French ships seized American cargoes and sailors • 2) Jefferson responded with Embargo Act that prohibited all American trade with foreign ports • a) Greatly harmed American shipping • b) Jefferson became object of hate in New England • 3) Non-intercourse Act replaced Embargo Act • a) Reopened trade with all nations except England and France • b) Provided for re-opening of trade with England and France if interference ended

  14. IV. Foreign Problems (cont) • C. Western demands for war. Reasons for western pressure • 1) Depression in Ohio Valley • 2) Desire for land in Canada and Florida • a) Future fur-trading • b) Region needed for expansion of settlers

  15. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy • A. Tecumseh was a Shawnee Chief aided by his brother The Prophet • 1) Together led a reform movement to cast off all white influences from Shawnee culture • 2) Believed that the best way to resist American encroachment into Indian lands was to form a Confederacy • 3) They sought aid from the British in order to prepare for inevitable war with the Americans • 4) Went around Ohio trying to convince tribes not to sell lands to the Americans

  16. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont) • B. The Battle of Tippecanoe • 1) Fought in November of 1811 between the Confederacy and General William Henry Harrison • a) Strong American victory, destroying the Confederacy • b) Harrison burned the Shawnee capitol of Prophetstown • 2) British arms discovered after the battle

  17. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont) • C. The War Hawks • 1) A group of young, southern and western Congressman began to cry for war with Great Britain • 2) War Hawks claimed that the British were trying to convince the Indians to fight against the U.S.’s Westward growth • 3) Led by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY they rallied behind the motto “On to Canada”

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