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Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds

Learn about the different functional groups in organic compounds, their naming conventions, and their uses. Explore various organic reactions and the formation of polymers.

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Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds

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  1. Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds • 21.1 Functional Groups • 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds • 21.3 Organic Reactions • 21.4 Polymers

  2. Functional Groups • Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups • Alcohols are used as: • Fuel additives • Soap • Cologne • Makeup

  3. Naming Alcohols -OH • Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl group • Drop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol) • Number the carbons • Insert position numbers • Punctuate

  4. Example

  5. Alkyl Halides • Organic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon • Some of the most widely used organic compounds • Teflon • CFCs

  6. Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl • Name the longest chain of carbons • Add prefixes for attached halides • Number the carbon atoms • Insert position numbers • Punctuate

  7. Example

  8. Ethers • Organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen • Low boiling points • Act like alcohols

  9. Naming Ethers R-O-R’ • The word ether will come at the end • Used as fuel additives • Add the names of the alkyl groups • Add prefixes if necessary

  10. Example

  11. Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain • Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain

  12. Aldehydes and Ketones • Uses of Aldehydes • Formaldehyde • Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) • Benzaldehyde (nuts) • Uses of Ketones • Acetone (nail polish remover) • Vanillin • Raspberry ketone

  13. Naming Aldehydes R-C=O • Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o) • Change –e to -al

  14. Example

  15. O Naming Ketones R-C-R’ • Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group • Change –e to –one • Number carbons • Insert numbers • Punctuate

  16. Example

  17. Carboxylic Acids -COOH • Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group • Used for • Acids which occur in plants and animals • Used to make plastics

  18. Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-dioic)

  19. Example

  20. Esters • Organic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group • Uses • Responsible for most flavors and orders

  21. Naming Esters R-COO-R’ • Name the parent carboxylic acid • Change the –oic to –oate • Add the alkyl groups • Punctuate

  22. Example

  23. Amines • Organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH3 • Uses • Common as poison secreted by animals • Formed during protein breakdown • Caffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine

  24. Naming Amines R-N-R’ • Name the parent hydrocarbon • Drop the –e and add –amine • Add the names of the alkyl groups

  25. Example

  26. 21.3 Organic Reactions • There are four types of organic reactions • Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination

  27. Substitution Reactions • On in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

  28. Addition Reactions • One in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule

  29. Addition Reactions • Hydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule

  30. Condensation Reactions • One in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine

  31. Elimination Reaction • On in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule

  32. 21.4 Polymers • Polymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions • Monomer – small units that make up polymers • Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers

  33. Thermal Properties • Thermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times • Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape

  34. Structure • Linear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)

  35. Structure • Branched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)

  36. Structure • Cross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)

  37. Addition Polymers • A polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond

  38. Addition Polymers

  39. Natural v. Synthetic Rubber • Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree • Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.

  40. Natural Rubber

  41. Synthetic Rubber

  42. Condensation Polymers • A polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups) • Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber • Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers

  43. Nylon

  44. Polyester

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