Chapter 4, Section 2 Sparta & Athens

1. Chapter 4, Section 2Sparta & Athens Vocabulary Tyrant oligarchy Democracy helot

2. Tyranny in the City-States • _________, who owned large farms, seized power from Greek kings. • Farmers had to borrow money from nobles & often could not pay back debt. • Farmers lost land & had to work for nobles or were sold into slavery. • Unhappy farmers demanded changes in power ___________ of city-states. • Merchants & artisans also wanted to share in governing. • Both groups very wealthy, but did not own land, therefore they were not regarded as citizens and had no say in running the polis. • Unhappiness led to rise of _________, or people who take things by force & rule w/total authority. • Most Greek tyrants acted fairly & wisely.

3. Tyranny in the City-States • 600’s B.C.—tyrants able to overthrow nobles. • Tyrants had backing of the people & hoplites (b/c many were farmers). • Tyrants were popular b/c of building: • marketplaces • __________ • Walls • Greeks did not want rule by 1 person (tyrant). • Formed ___________ & ____________. • Oligarchy—_________________________________________. • Democracy—________________________________________. • Sparta = oligarchy. Athens = democracy.

4. Sparta • Sparta founded by __________. • Sparta needed more land as it grew. They conquered & enslaved their neighbors. • Captive workers were called ____________. • To keep helots from rebelling, Sparta created strong ___________ of boys & men. • Age 7: boys left family to live in barracks. Were treated harshly to make them tough. • Age 20: men entered regular army & lived in barracks for 10 years. • Age 30: returned home, but served in army until age _____. • Spartans were expected to either win on the battlefield or die!!! Never to surrender!!! • “Come home carrying your shield or being carried on it!”

5. Sparta & government • Girls in Sparta were trained in __________. • Did this to become healthy mothers (kept them fit). • Wives lived at home while husbands lived in barracks. Spartan women were freer b/c of this. • Could own property & go where they wanted. • Spartan govt. was an _________________. • 2 kings headed council of elders. • ______ = 28 citizens over age of 60. (presented laws to the assembly) • ______ = all Spartan men over age of 30 belonged to assembly. • Assembly voted on councils laws & chose 5 people to be _________. • Ephors enforced laws & managed tax collection. • Govt. discouraged foreign visitors & banned travel except for military reasons. Also, frowned upon citizens studying literature or the arts.

6. Athens • Boys in _______ attended school & learned from 3teachers. Finished school at age 18. • #1—taught them to read, write, and ______________. • #2—____________ • #3—taught them to sing & play stringed instrument called a ________. • Athenian girls learned household duties from mother. • Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, & playing the lyre. • Early Athens was ruled by nobles (like Sparta). • Early govt. was an oligarchy (like Sparta). • Had an assembly of all citizens, but had few powers. • 600 B.C.—Athenians started rebelling against nobles. • 594 B.C.—noble named ________ reformed Athenian govt.

7. Athens • Solon cancelled farmers’ debts & freed slaves. • Also allowed all male citizens to participate in assembly. • Farmers were angry b/c Solon wouldn’t give nobles’ land away. • After 30 yrs. of turmoil, a tyrant, ____________ seized power. • Won support of people by dividing large estates among landless farmers. • He loaned money to poor people& gave them jobs. • Most important leader was _______________. • Credited with creating a _______________ in Athens. • Came to power in 508 B.C. & reorganized assembly.

8. Athens • He gave assembly more power. • All male citizens could belong & vote on laws. • Could debate matters openly, hear court cases, & appoint army generals. • Most importantly: • Created new council of 500 members to help assembly carry out its duties. • New council chosen by __________. • Believed this was more fair than an election. • Non-citizens: • Women, foreign-born men, & slaves still excluded!!!