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Persuasive Techniques

Persuasive Techniques. English II. HOW ARE YOU INFLUENCED BY YOUR SURROUNDINGS? WHO HAS AUTHORITY OVER YOU? HOW CAN YOU PERSUADE OTHERS TO SEE THINGS FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE?. Why do I care?. Elements to Consider…. Issue —what is the issue at hand?

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Persuasive Techniques

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  1. Persuasive Techniques English II

  2. HOW ARE YOU INFLUENCED BY YOUR SURROUNDINGS? WHO HAS AUTHORITY OVER YOU?HOW CAN YOU PERSUADE OTHERS TO SEE THINGS FROM YOUR PERSPECTIVE? Why do I care?

  3. Elements to Consider… • Issue—what is the issue at hand? • Context—what is the situation? Are there particular elements to the situation that influence decisions? • Audience—who is being persuaded? • Authority—what is the relationship between the persuader and the individual being persuaded?

  4. TYPES OF APPEALS LOGICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND ETHICAL APPEALS ARE USED ROUTINELY IN ADVERTISINIG, POLITICS, AND DAILY INTERACTIONS.

  5. LOGICAL APPEAL Logical appeals are generally based on sets of assumptions. Logical appeals provide rational arguments to support the writers’ claims and are supported with objective evidence.

  6. We Are Marshall • What is the assumption? • What is the rational argument? • What is the objective evidence? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LYhQEOMOQ4&feature=related

  7. Emotional Appeal Appeals to emotion are often based on specific examples of suffering or potential threats. Emotional appeals can also include “loaded language”—language that is rich in connotations and vivid images.

  8. Animal Rights Commercial • Specific Example • Loaded Language • How is a message intended for a broad audience narrowed down to influence individual people who are watching at home? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gspElv1yvc&feature=PlayList&p=BDDBF2D51533C085&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=65

  9. Ethical Appeal Ethical appeal is based on shared moral values. They call forth the audience’s sense of right, justice, and virtue.

  10. School Ties • What is the moral value? • How is the emphasis on relationship especially important here? • How do persuasive techniques address lack of balance in relationships? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9NyfV1QsrU

  11. Styles of Persuasion

  12. Elevated Language Formal words and phrases can lend a serious tone to a discussion.

  13. Remember the Titans • How is elevated language used in this clip? • Would the influence have been different if the language was changed? • How does the style of language influence the situation? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_HFCYz4x6o

  14. Repetition Repeating a point tells the audience that it is especially important; repeating a form of expression tells the audience that the ideas expressed in the same way are related. Parallelism, a form of repetition, is one way to use repetition effectively.

  15. “I Have a Dream” speech • How does repetition work differently depending on the situation? • How does repetition provide unity? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZLvSnr6s50&feature=related

  16. False Arguments & Propaganda The intentional use of false arguments to persuade others is called propaganda.

  17. Stereotypes An overgeneralization about a group of people is known as a stereotype.

  18. The Breakfast Club • How does the film trailer exploit the idea of stereotypes? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkX8J-FKndE

  19. Bandwagon Appeal Bandwagon appeal plays to your desire to be a part of the crowd—to be like everyone else and do what everyone else is doing.

  20. Billy Madison • Why do bandwagon appeals work? • In what situations would bandwagon appeal be most effective? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoD9LCGsjas

  21. Allusion An allusion is a reference to another work of fiction, a film, a piece of art, or even a real event.

  22. John Travolta “Michael” • To what are the characters referring? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARI7H5_VhYc&feature=related

  23. Generalize To generalize is to make a broad statement based on one or more particular observations. Generalizations can be proved false by only one exception. Since generalizations can be proved false by a new experience, avoid making generalizations based on too little evidence.

  24. White Men Can’t Jump • What generalization is being made? • How is generalization similar and different from stereotyping? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtYYuHuCBvQ

  25. Personal Attack A personal attack is committed when a person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence when attacking another person's claim or claims. This line of "reasoning" is fallacious because the attack is directed at the person making the claim and not the claim itself.

  26. Willie Horton ad • Who is launching the attack? Who is the attack against? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io9KMSSEZ0Y

  27. Testimonial Testimonial: Propagandists use this technique to associate a respected person or someone with experience to endorse a product or cause by giving it their stamp of approval hoping that the intended audience will follow their example.

  28. Jackie Moon Old Spice • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhSisRkXuJY&feature=PlayList&p=F177CDFAB568EA75&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=19

  29. Transfer Transfer: Transfer is a technique used to carry over the authority and approval of something we respect and revere to something the propagandist would have us accept. Propagandists often employ symbols (e.g., waving the flag) to stir our emotions and win our approval.

  30. Patton speech • What is the speaker trying to pitch? What is the meaning of the thing the propagandist is trying to impart? Is there a legitimate connection between the suggestion made by the propagandist and the person or product? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFOxM3UV4Qo&feature=related

  31. Circular Reasoning Circular reasoning is the error of trying to support an opinion by restating it in different words. You can avoid circular reasoning by always backing up your opinions with facts.

  32. American Idol • How can circular reasoning work against you? • How can circular reasoning work in your favor? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hP4CgpAkt5I&feature=related

  33. Common Logical Fallacies

  34. Non Sequitur (“It does not follow”) The conclusions do not reasonably follow from the claim. Example: “You will do what I say because you are my wife!'"

  35. Juno • How can non sequitur be effective in a persuasive argument? • How can non sequitur defer from your argument? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERcQCO-WTS4

  36. Post Hoc (“after this, therefore because of this”) Non Sequitur of events; A occurs before B. Therefore A is the cause of B.

  37. The West Wing • What is the risk of using post hoc arguments? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL_vHDjG5Wk

  38. Red Herring A Red Herring is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to “win” an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic.

  39. Boston Legal • How is this technique different in written and spoken persuasive situations? • What limitations might one consider when attempting to use red herring as a strategy? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv3Rlh-G-9o

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