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Basic Neuroanatomy

Basic Neuroanatomy. An introduction to the cells & structures of your nervous system. Overview of the system. Central Nervous System = Brain & Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System = Nerves & Ganglia. Nerves. Bundles of Neurons, coated with protective tissues. 1 bundle = a fascicle

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Basic Neuroanatomy

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  1. Basic Neuroanatomy An introduction to the cells & structures of your nervous system.

  2. Overview of the system • Central Nervous System = Brain & Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System = Nerves & Ganglia

  3. Nerves • Bundles of Neurons, coated with protective tissues. • 1 bundle = a fascicle • Thousands of cells in a single nerve.

  4. Motor Neurons • Soma • Dendrites • Axon • Terminal fibres • Motor end plates • Myelin Sheath

  5. Motor Neurons • Myelin = protective protein • Made by Schwanncells • Wrap around axon • Prevent ‘cross-talk’

  6. Motor Neurons • Motor neurons stimulate muscle cells.

  7. Sensory Neurons • Basic elements same, but Soma is mid-way in cell • Creates incoming Dendron (connects to a sensory receptor) & outgoing Axon(connects to another neuron) • Bipolar Neuron

  8. Sensory Neurons • All sensory neurons connect to a specific sensory receptor & send their messages to the CNS for interpretation & response.

  9. Sensory Neurons • Image of Sensory Neuron in human skin:

  10. Interneurons • Also called Multipolar Neurons • Short, small cells • Connect Sensory & Motor neurons • Found in Ganglia, Spinal Cord & Brain

  11. Interneurons Some images of Interneurons:

  12. Support Cells: Neuroglia • Glial Cells • Four types in CNS • (Astroglia, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, & Ependymal cells.) • Maintain ion balance; connect to blood vessels; protect soma by ‘padding’ it; some ‘clean up’ by phagocytosis; produce myelin… • PNS Schwann Cells

  13. Review of all 3 types:

  14. PNS Innervation • Nerves are either excitatory or inhibitory to our organs. • Sympathetic = “Fight or Flight” • Thoracolumbar • Parasympathetic = “Rest & Digest” • Craniosacral

  15. The Reflex Arc • Fast • Instinctual • Mediated by the Spinal Cord, not the Brain • Involves all three neurons

  16. The Reflex Arc • At the level of the spinal cord, the reflex is very specific: • Sensory goes into the upper, or Dorsal ganglion • Motor exits via Ventral ganglion

  17. The Reflex Arc

  18. The Reflex Arc • Sneezing is a reflex!

  19. The Reflex Arc • Some reflexes can be suppressed…

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