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Building the New Nation

Building the New Nation. Mr. Johnson U.S. History. The First Party System. Washington’s Administration. Cabinet – Clashing Views. Democratic-Republicans. Federalists. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. The First Two-Party System.

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Building the New Nation

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  1. Building the New Nation Mr. Johnson U.S. History

  2. The First Party System

  3. Washington’s Administration

  4. Cabinet – Clashing Views Democratic-Republicans Federalists Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury

  5. The First Two-Party System Issue Government: State or national? Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict or Loose? Tariffs, Banks & Business or farming? Banks: National or State? Defense: Standing Army or Militias? Foreign Policy: Support Britain or Support France? Regions of Support: N, S, E, W? Nullification More important: Order or Liberty? Party Leaders & Presidents Federalists Democratic-Republicans • Questions • Why does the Electoral College encourage a two-party system rather than a multiparty system? • Explain how Thomas Jefferson’s election in the “revolution” of 1800 changed the way the federal (national) government operated. National State

  6. Two Parties

  7. Sally Hemings Controversy

  8. Election of 1800

  9. Election of 1800 • Jefferson wins • “Revolution of 1800”… peaceful transfer of power

  10. Which Republican? • Tie between Burr & Jefferson • Election must be decided in the House • Dem-Reps vote for Jefferson • Federalists voted for Burr • Jefferson won after 36 ballots

  11. 12th Amendment • Old runner-up system provided and incentive for a coup d’etat • New system elected president and vice president jointly

  12. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

  13. Cleaning Out the Federalists?

  14. “Midnight Judges” • “Lame duck” Federalist Congress • Judiciary Act of 1801 • Adams appointed judges in the last days of presidency • Attempt to entrench Federalists in judicial branch • Jefferson refused to deliver commissions

  15. Marbury v. Madison “Midnight Judge” vs. Secretary of State

  16. Marbury v. Madison • Supreme Court • Marbury loses • But real winner is the Supreme Court • Establishes “judicial review” without angering new Dem.-Rep. administration

  17. Chief Justice John Marshall • …and Marshall will continue to exert Federalist influence for many years to come

  18. Samuel Chase • Republican attempt at “judge-breaking” • Impeached by Democratic-Republican House • Senate failed to convict him • Independence of judiciary

  19. Erasing Hamilton’s Plan?

  20. Albert Gallatin • Secretary of the Treasury • Adopted much of Hamilton’s economic plan • National bank • Funding of debt • Jeffersonian Congress repealed whiskey excise

  21. Aaron Burr • Dropped by Jefferson in 1804 election • Joined Federalist plot for secession of New England and New York • Exposed by Hamilton

  22. Burr-Hamilton Duel

  23. Burr Conspiracy • Hamilton is dead… Federalist party withers • But Burr is politically dead • Planned to separate Louisiana from U.S. and invade Mexico and Florida • Tried, acquitted for treason • Fled to Europe

  24. The Louisiana Purchase

  25. Threat of Napoleonic France

  26. Toussaint L’Overture • French problems in Caribbean • Haitian rebellion • Yellow fever • Napoleon wants to attack Britain… • …and keep U.S. neutral

  27. Louisiana Purchase Best deal ever?

  28. Louisiana Purchase

  29. Constitutional Crisis • Strict interpretation… no power to purchase land • Admitted unconstitutionality of purchase but submitted it anyway • “Empire of Liberty”

  30. Lewis & Clark Expedition • Exploration of Louisiana Purchase • Looking for river routes to the Pacific

  31. Sacajawea

  32. Lewis & Clark Expedition • Knowledge of the geography, resources • Encouraged fur trade • Opened diplomatic relations with the Indians • Established a precedent for U.S. army exploration of the West

  33. Effects of Louisiana Purchase • Short term • Constitutional crisis • Weak control over new land (Burr conspiracy) • Long term • Purchase, incorporation, equality of U.S. territory • Increased security • Laid foundations of American power & “Manifest Destiny”

  34. Freedom of the Seas

  35. Barbary States

  36. Barbary (Tripolitan) Wars • Jefferson refused to pay tribute • U.S. marine “mosquito fleet” • Jobs for small shipbuilders • 1805 treaty – U.S. paid small sum of $60,000

  37. Impressment

  38. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair • British Leopard demanded return of four alleged deserters aboard Chesapeake • Four killed • Jefferson was reluctant to declare war…

  39. Embargo Act of 1807 • “Peaceful coercion” • Cut off trade with rest of the world • Effects • Injured American merchants and ship-builders • Helped fledgling American industries • Serious blow to Jefferson’s popularity

  40. Embargo Act of 1807

  41. Atlantic Slave Trade • End of trans-Atlantic slave trade (1808) • Not the end of domestic slave trade • Jefferson’s peculiar relationship with slavery

  42. Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 • Repeal of Embargo Act • Opened trade to all nations except Britain and France • Unenforceable and ineffective

  43. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) • U.S. would open trade to entire world • If Britain or France would reopen trade, U.S. would reinstate embargo against non-compliant nation

  44. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) • France reopened trade • Britain controlled the seas anyway and saw no need to comply… • U.S. weakness was exposed • End of U.S. neutrality • War coming soon

  45. Conclusion

  46. Jefferson’s Legacy • Reduced the size of the federal government, but… • …adopted many Federalist policies • Popular first term; troubled second term • Foreign policy failures would lead to war with Britain in Madison’s term

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