Life in the Thirteen Colonies: Geography and Economic Development

1. Section 1-Polling Question • A • B • C In which of the colonies do you feel would be the best place to live? A.The New England Colonies B.The Middle Colonies C.The Southern Colonies

2. Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies (1607-1770) Section 1 Life in the Colonies

3. Chapter Time Line

4. Chapter Time Line

5. Essential Question How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions? • How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions?

6. The Colonial Regions • Were very different • Were as different as “fire and water” • Still they continued to grow • 1700- 250,000 • 1770’s- 2,500,000 • African Americans- 28,000 to more than 500,000 • Immigration increased • Most lived in cities • New York, Philadelphia, Charles Town, Savannah, and Newport • Freedom of worship was allowed here

7. New England Colonies • Most people lived in well organized towns • Meetinghouse- church and town meetings • Citizen army trained • Farms were smaller • New England had a poor growing season and rocky soil • Farmers practiced subsistence farming • Just enough to meet their families needs • Most Northern farmers relied on their children for labor

8. Commerce in New England • Commerce= trade • Many small businesses • Water ran mills for grinding grain or sawing lumber • Women made cloth, garments, candles, and soap for their families • Sometimes to sell • Large towns attracted skilled craftspeople • Blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, gunsmiths, metalsmiths, and printers • Shipbuilding was important • Fishing and whaling was very important

9. Colonial Trade • Northern coastal cities were the centers of trade • Linked Northern Colonies with Southern Colonies • Also linked to other parts of the world • New England ships traded with the West Indies and across the Atlantic Ocean • Followed different trading routes • England and back • Triangular trade • Example: Rum to Africa • Slavery was very common in the West Indies

10. Section 1 • A • B • C Which part of the coast was the center of the shipping trade? A.Southern coastal cities B.Northern coastal cities C.Coastal cities on the Gulf of Mexico

11. The Middle Passage • Enslaved Africans first went to a European Fort on the West African coast • Tied together with ropes around their necks and hands • Branded • Forced on a ship • Trip across Atlantic is called the Middle Passage • A young African Olaudah Equiano described his journey: • “So crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us…” • Chained together for more than a month

12. More Middle Passage • Could hardly sit or stand • Given little food or water • Africans that died or became sick were thrown overboard • Those that refused to eat were whipped • When they reached American ports they went to the slave market • Examined and prodded • Sold as laborers • Between the 1400s and mid 1800s about 12 million were forcibly transported to the Americas

13. The Middle Colonies • Better soil and growing season than New England • Farms produced bigger harvests • Grew wheat and other cash crops • New York and Philadelphia sold these crops and became busy ports • NY- 18,000 people Phily- 24,000 largest cities in the colonies

14. Section 1 • A • B • C Which two cities were the largest in the American colonies by 1760? A.New York and Philadelphia B.Charles Town and Savannah C.Newport and Cambridge

15. Industries in the Middle Colonies • Some home based- carpentry and flour making • Others larger- lumbering, mining, and small scale manufacturing • Iron mills • Many were German immigrants • 100,000 Germans came to America during the colonial era • Most in Pennsylvania • Great diversity in the Middle Colonies • Germans, Dutch, Swedish, and other non-English

16. The Southern Colonies and Slavery • Good growing season and soil • Most settlers made their living from farming • Little commerce or industry • Tobacco was the principal cash crop of Maryland and Virginia • Most sold in Europe • Planters tried to use indentured servants • Too expensive and scarce • Began using enslaved Africans

17. Tobacco and Slavery • Slaveholders grew wealthy from tobacco • Surplus sometimes made prices fall • This caused some farmers to grow other crops (corn and wheat)

18. South Carolina and Georgia • Main cash crop was rice • Created rice fields called paddies • Work was very hard • Standing knee deep in mud all day • Blazing sun • Biting insects • Relied on slave labor • Rice was even more profitable that tobacco • Rice became popular in Europe and price rose

19. Tidewater • Most Southern plantations were located on the Tidewater • Flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast • Located on rivers so they could take crops to market by boats • Each plantation was a self-contained community • Planter’s wife supervised the house and house servants • Plantation included slave cabins, barns, and stables • Also blacksmith shops, storerooms, and kitchens • Maybe even a chapel and school

20. Backcountry • Toward the Appalachian Mountains • Small farms- grew tobacco and corn • Worked alone or with their families • May have 1 or 2 slaves • Small farmers outnumbered the plantation owners • Plantation owners were very wealthy and had more influence • Plantation owners controlled economic and political life in the region

21. Slavery • Most slaves lived on plantations • Most worked in fields and suffered great cruelty • Overseers kept slaves working hard • 1705- Virginia created slave codes • Strict rules that governed the behavior and punishments of slaves • Couldn’t leave plantations without written permission • Could not meet in large groups • Allowed whipping slaves • For serious crimes, owners could hang or burn to death the slave • Slaves that ran away were punished severely

22. African Traditions • Enslaved African families were torn apart • Turned to African roots • Some learned trades- carpentry, blacksmithing, or weaving • Some were able to buy their freedom

23. Criticism of Slavery • Most white Southerners were NOT slaveholders • Some did not believe in slavery • Less support in Northern colonies • Puritans refused to own slaves • Quakers condemned slavery

24. Essential Question • How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions? • -New England: Harsh Climate and rocky soil led to subsistence farming; coastal location led to shipbuilding and other industries, fishing, and trade • Middle Colonies: fertile soil and milder climate led to larger farms and cash crops; availability of natural resources led to small-scale manufacturing, lumbering, and mining; good ports allowed trade. • Southern Colonies: Rich soil and warm climate led to large farms, cash crops, the development of the plantation system, and an economy based on slavery. • How did geography affect the economic development of the three colonial regions?

25. Chapter 4 Section 1 Quiz

26. Which of the following means producing just enough to meet the families' needs, with little left over to sell or exchange? • harvesting • subsistence farming • cash crop • Tidewater farming

27. The most inhumane aspect of the triangular trade was the • Southern Route. • merchant trade route. • Middle Passage. • fishing trade.

28. Where were most of the large Southern plantations located? • backcountry • Tidewater • coastal areas • flatlands

29. The plantation bosses who kept the enslaved Africans working hard were called • overseers. • slaveholders. • employers. • supervisors.

30. Which group controlled the economic and political life of the Southern Colonies? • merchants • teachers • farmers • plantation owners

31. Participant Scores

32. Team Scores