Section 4-Polling Question

1. Section 4-Polling Question • A • B • C • D How interested are you in owning your own business someday? A.Very interested B.Somewhat interested C.Somewhat uninterested D.Very uninterested

2. Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860) Section 4 The South’s People

3. Essential Question How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South?

4. Farms and Plantations • The Southern economy was based on agriculture • Most believed the South was full of wealthy white slaveholders • In reality, most white Southerners did not have any slaves or only a few • Most white Southerners fit into 4 categories • Yeoman, tenant farmers, the rural poor, or plantation owners

5. Small Farmers and the Rural Poor • Yeomen (Farmers without slaves) made up the largest group of whites in the South • Yeomen grew crops for their own use and to sell • Yeomen lived in the Upper South and in the hilly areas of the Deep South • Some white Southerners worked as tenant farmers • Worked the land for landlords

6. Section 4 • A • B • C • D What group made up the largest number of whites in the South? A.Tenant farmers B.The rural poor C.Enslaved workers D.Yeomen

7. Small Farmers and the Rural Poor Continued • Most Southern whites lived in simple homes • The rural poor lived in crude cabins in wooded areas • Rural poor were looked down upon by other whites • Stubbornly independent • Proud of being self-sufficient • Often avoided jobs that were normally done by enslaved people

8. Plantations • A large plantation (big farm) might have several thousand acres • Owners measured how rich they were by how many slaves they had • Only 4% of plantation owners owned 20 or more slaves • Most had less than 10 • A few free African Americans also held enslaved workers • Some free African Americans purchased members of their own families to free them

9. Plantations Continued • The goal of plantations were to earn profits • Cotton prices varied from season to season • Cotton was sold to and held by agents • Agents then sold cotton when prices rose • Only when the cotton sold were planters paid • This kept the planters in debt

10. Plantation Wives • Plantation wives took charge of their household • They watched over the house slaves and took care of them when they became sick • Wives might be in charge of financial records • Often a lonely and difficult life • Planters often absent, dealing with cotton agents • Wives spent long periods alone

11. Life Under Slavery • Enslaved African Americans suffered hardships and misery • They worked hard- for no money • Had little hope of freedom • Often sold from planter to planter and taken from their loved ones • Often they resisted slavery

12. Family Life • American laws did not protect enslaved families in the early 1800s • A slaveholders death could lead to a breakup of an enslaved family • Family members could be sold • Although not recognized by law, marriages between enslaved people occurred • The vows included “until death or separation do us part” • Extended families became a vital feature of African American culture

13. African American Culture • 1808- Congress outlawed the slave trade, but slavery remained legal • No new enslaved people could enter the US • By 1860- almost all slaves in the South were born there • African traditions of music, dance, and folk stories remained • Often slaves accepted Christianity, but kept religious beliefs and practices of their African ancestors as well

14. African American Christianity • Christianity became a religion of hope and resistance for many enslaved people • They prayed for their freedom • The passionate beliefs of the enslaved Southerners found expression in the spiritual (African American folk song) • “Didn’t my Lord deliver Daniel” • Spirituals also enabled enslaved people to communicate secretly among themselves • Often combined the Christian faith with their earthly suffering

15. Slave Codes • Between 1830 and 1860- slave codes were passed to control slaves • Slave codes existed since the 1700s • One purpose was to prevent a slave rebellion • Slave codes prohibited slaves from assembling in large groups • Also had to have passes before leaving the slaveholders property • Slave codes made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write • White Southerners feared that an educated slave might lead a revolt

16. Section 4 • A • B • C • D Which of the following was not a part of the slave codes? A.Enslaved people were prohibited from assembling in large groups. B.It was a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write. C.An enslaved person must have a written pass before leaving the slaveholder’s property. D.Engaging in slave trade was made illegal.

17. Resistance to Slavery- Nat Turner • Some slaves rebelled against their owners • Nat Turner, a religious leader,taught himself to read and write • Turner led his followers on a brief violent rampage in Southhampton County, Virginia • Before he was captured, Turner and his followers killed at least 55 whites • Nat Turner was hanged • Nat Turner’s Rebellion led to more severe slave codes

18. Resistance to Slavery • Armed revolts were rare • Most resistance by slaves was working slowly or pretending to be ill • Sometimes slaves would set fire to a plantation building or break tools • This helped slaves tolerate their lack of freedom • Resistance also set boundaries that slaveholders would respect

19. Escaping Slavery • Some slaves tried to escape to the North • Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass fled to the North • Getting to the North was difficult for slaves and they often got aid from a secret network called… • The Underground Railroad • Safe houses along the way owned by those that opposed slavery. • Most runaways were caught and returned • Discipline was severe- whipping was most common

20. Life in Southern Cities • The 10 largest cities in the South were either seaports or river ports (Baltimore and New Orleans) • Cities at crossroads of the railways began to grow (Atlanta) • Whites, slaves, and free African Americans lived in these cities • Free African Americans’ lives were not secure • Their rights were limited • Most states would not allow them to move state to state • Free African Americans were denied an equal share in economic and political life

21. Section 4 • A • B • C • D Which of the following was not a large Southern city in the mid-1800s? A.Baltimore B.New Orleans C.Pittsburgh D.Atlanta

22. Education • There were no public schools, if you wanted to be educated you would have to go to a private school • Mid 1800s- North Carolina and Kentucky set up and ran public schools • The South was behind other sections of the country in literacy • One reason was because the South’s geography • The South had few people per square mile • Would have to travel great distances to send their children to school • Many Southerners also believed that education was a private matter, not a state function

23. Essential Question • How did unique elements of culture develop among enslaved African Americans in the South? • -The possibility of family separation led to large, close knit extended families • Christianity and African religious beliefs were practiced simultaneously and blended • Christianity stressed hope for freedom and resistance to bondage, and out of it came the spiritual, which evolved as a secret communication methods

24. All Southerners owned land, even if it was only a small amount. • True • False

25. Plantation owners with many enslaved workers were considered very wealthy. • True • False

26. Plantation wives often worked in the fields with the enslaved workers. • True • False

27. Enslaved African Americans often were separated from their families. • True • False

28. The largest group of whites in the South was made up of • yeomen. • plantation owners. • tenant farmers. • rural poor.

29. The main goal of large plantation owners was to • enslave people. • produce more cotton. • earn a profit. • build a larger plantation.

30. Who was the religious leader who led a slave revolt in 1831? • Harriet Tubman • Nat Turner • Frederick Douglass • Eli Whitney

31. African American folk songs that expressed the passionate beliefs of the South's enslaved workers were called • overseers. • yeomen. • slave codes. • spirituals.

32. What was the network of safe houses that assisted runaway enslaved persons? • slave houses • runaway houses • Underground Railroad • slave codes

33. Participant Scores

34. Team Scores