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Explore the significance of the French and Indian War in determining control over North America. Learn about the battles, strategies, and outcomes of this pivotal conflict.
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Section 4-Polling Question • A • B • C • D How important is a strong leader in order for troops to win a battle? A.Very important B.Somewhat important C.Somewhat unimportant D.Very unimportant
Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies (1607-1770) Section 4 The French and Indian War
Essential Question How did the outcome of the French and Indian War determine who controlled North America? • How did the outcome of the French and Indian War determine who controlled North America?
The French and Indian War • Part of a larger struggle between France and Britain • The French were on their way to “making themselves masters of the Continent” • France built well-armed forts around the Great Lakes and Ohio River • France had a network of alliances with Native Americans
French Advantages • Large area of land • From the St. Lawrence River to New Orleans • France and Native Americans were winning control of the American frontier
Before the War Began • British colonists fought the French and Indians with little help from Britain • 1754- British government intervened • Was alarmed by the French forts and defeat of Fort Necessity • Fall of 1754 Great Britain appointed General Edward Braddock commander in chief of the British forces in America • Braddock was to drive the French forces out of the Ohio Valley
Braddock Marches to Duquesne • June 1755- Braddock started out from Virginia • With about 1,400 red-coated British soldiers • And a smaller force of blue-coated colonial militia • George Washington was an aide to Braddock • Washington said Braddock • “[Halted] to level every mole hill, and to erect bridges over every brook, by which mean we were four days in getting twelve miles”
More of Braddock Marches to Duquesne • Washington told Braddock his army’s style was not suited for the frontier • Lined up in columns and wearing bright-colored uniforms • Troops were easy targets • Braddock ignored Washington’s advise • French and Indian forces ambushed the British
Even More of Braddock Marches to Duquesne • British were confused and frightened • Could not see their attackers who were hidden in the forest • Shooting at them behind trees • Braddock was killed • British lost about 1,000 men • Washington led the survivors back to Virginia
Britain Declares War on France • Fighting in America started a new war in Europe • Seven Year’s War • Britain formed an alliance with Prussia in 1756 • Prussia fought France in Europe • Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America
Early Stages of the War • France captured British Forts • French Indian allies raided frontier farms • Killed settlers, burned houses and crops, drove families back to the coast • French forces from Canada captured British forts at Lake Ontario and Lake George
Pitt Takes Charge • Great Britain’s prospects in America improved after William Pitt became prime minister • Pitt decided that Britain would pay for the war supplies- no matter the cost • Pitt ran up an enormous debt • Pitt didn’t just want to settle in Western territories, but wanted to conquer French Canada • Troops were sent to America under Jeffery Amherst and James Wolfe • Many French forts were taken and renamed • Including Fort Duquesne and renamed • Fort Pitt
Section 4 • A • B • C • D How did William Pitt pay for the debt Britain accrued paying for the Seven Years’ War? A.He used some of his own money. B.He raised the colonists’ taxes. C.He raised taxes in Britain. D.He used French money seized during the war.
The Battle of Quebec • Capital of New France • On a cliff overlooking the St. Lawrence • Thought to be impossible to attack • James Wolfe’s scouts spotted a poorly guarded path • Wolfe’s soldiers went up this path at night • Defeated the sleeping French troops
Treaty of Paris • The fall of Quebec and Amherst’s capture of Montreal brought an end to fighting in North America • Treaty of Paris forced France to give Canada and most of its land east of the Mississippi to Great Britain • Also received Florida from France’s ally, Spain • Spain received land west of the Mississippi- the Louisiana Territory- and New Orleans • Marked the end of France as a power in North America
Section 4 • A • B • C Which two countries were now the dominant powers in North America? A.Great Britain and Spain B.Germany and Spain C.Greece and Italy
Pontiac’s War • Indian’s lost their allies and trading partner with France • Britain raised prices and refused to pay for the use of land • Settlers began moving west • Ottawa chief Pontiac saw this as a threat to his people’s way of life • Pontiac united Indians and captured British forts (Detroit and others) • That summer Indians killed settlers along Pennsylvania and Virginia during Pontiac’s War • War ended in August 1765 after the British defeated Pontiac’s allies • Pontiac signed a peace treaty and was pardoned
The Proclamation of 1763 • To prevent more fighting, Britain called a halt to settlers westward expansion • Proclamation of 1763 set the Appalachian Mountains as the temporary western boundary of the colonies • Angered people who wanted to make money there • These speculators had already bought land west of the mountains • They were furious that Britain ignored their land claims • More conflicts would soon arise between Britain and the colonists
Section 4 • A • B • C • D Why were the Native Americans upset about the defeat of the French? A.They lost their allies and trading partners. B.British settlers began to move into their lands. C.The British refused to pay them for use of their lands. D.All of the above
Essential Question How did the outcome of the French and Indian War determine who controlled North America? - In the Treaty of Paris, Britain and Spain acquired almost all of the land formally controlled by France • How did the outcome of the French and Indian War determine who controlled North America?
The French and Indian War was a war between the French and Native Americans. • True • False
Braddock did not take Washington's advice on the style of marching when they set out for Fort Duquesne. • True • False
William Pitt decided that Britain would pay the costs for the French and Indian War. • True • False
The Proclamation of 1763 ended the French and Indian War. • True • False
After the French and Indian War, King George III gave the colonies permission to expand past the Appalachian Mountains. • True • False
The commander in chief of the British forces in America who was to drive the French out of America was • George Washington. • William Pitt. • Edward Braddock. • Benjamin Franklin.
What document marked the end of France as a power in North America? • Treaty of London • Treaty of Paris • Treaty of the Ohio River valley • Treaty of France and Britain
After the treaty was signed in 1763, the continent was divided between which two countries? • Britain and Spain • France and Britain • France and Spain • France and the Netherlands
The Proclamation of 1763 called for • settlers to move westward. • a war. • a halt to westward expansion. • Native Americans to move west.
The Proclamation of 1763 angered wealthy speculators because they • lost voting rights. • lost their businesses. • lost the war. • owned land west of the mountains.
