President Franklin D. Roosevelt and WWII

1. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and WWII 1933-1945

2. I. Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal • Court-Packing Plan, 1937 • After the Supreme Court declared New Deal programs unconstitutional, President Roosevelt unsuccessfullyattempted to add new members to the Supreme Court. • Seen by many critics as an attempt to take more executive power.

3. II. Political Reaction to the New Deal • Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive reforms, even as conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal’s scope.

4. II. Political Reaction to the New Deal • Huey Long- Louisiana governor and U.S. senator who supported a redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. Long, whom FDR feared politically, was assassinated in 1935. • Charles Coughlin- Roman Catholic priest who used his radio program to attack FDR. Known for his anti-Semitism and support of fascism.

5. III. Significance of the New Deal • The New Deal did not completely overcome the Depression, but it did … • Expand the size and influence of federal government by leaving a legacy of reforms and agencies that helped make society and individuals more secure. • Help create a long term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working-class communities identified with the Democratic Party.

6. III. Significance of the New Deal • New Deal Democratic Coalition • Supporters of the New Deal voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, making the Democratic Party the majority party during that period.

7. IV. Fascism Rising in Europe • Fascism- political ideology that places the concerns of the nation and raceabove the individual’s. • Totalitarianism- leadership has TOTAL control over every aspect of government and life. Both were on the rise in Europe during the crisis of the Great Depression!

8. IV. Fascism Rising in Europe

9. IV. Fascism Rising in Europe 1. Benito Mussolinitakes power in Italy in 1922. • Called Il Duce (the leader)

10. IV. Fascism Rising in Europe 2. Francisco Francotakes control of Spain after the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939. • Franco is aided by Mussolini and Hitler. • FDR, staying strictly neutral, does not give any aid to the republicans… Spain turns fascist.

11. IV. Fascism Rising in Europe 3. Adolf Hitler seizes power in Germany in 1933. • Called Führer (supreme leader) • Nazi Party blamed Jews, foreigners, and communistsfor the German loss of WWI and the depression. • Promised Germany “lebensraum” or living room by military expansion. • Rearmament of Germany greatly improved economic conditions for the average German.

12. V. Hitler Ignites WWII • 1936- Rearmed and occupied the Rhineland on the French border. • March 1938- German annexation of Austria • September 1938- Munich Conferencegives Germany the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia. • Appeasement- The belief that Hitler could be kept peaceful by giving him what he wanted.

13. V. Hitler Ignites WWII • March 1939- Hitler invades Czechoslovakia • August 1939- Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Alliance between Germany and Soviets) • Directly resultsin the invasion of PolandSeptember 1, 1939. • September 3, 1939- Britain and France declare war on Germany. • Video

14. V. Hitler Ignites WWII • 1939-1940- Hitler launches “blitzkrieg” (lightning war) on Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Norway.

15. V. Hitler Ignites WWII • June 22, 1941 - Hitlerbetrays Stalin and attacks the Soviet Union. • FDR pledges aid, but stays neutral and the Soviets join the allies.

17. VI. U.S. Response • Congress passed Neutrality Actswhich limit U.S. involvement in the war. • Roosevelt asked Congress for $1.3 billion for military spending in 1939. He wanted to be ready if the U.S. entered the war. • Meanwhile, FDR broke tradition when he ran for a 3rd term in 1940. • Why? U.S. needed experienced leadership during crisis.

18. VI. U.S. Response • The Lend-Lease Act was passed in March 1941. • It would lend weapons, tanks, and war munitions to the Allies. • Sparked a debate between isolationists and internationalists. • Neutrality was officially abandoned.

19. VI. U.S. Response • The Holocaust, which would eventually kill upwards of 6 million Jews and other “undesirables” went largely ignored by the United States: only a small amount of Jews were saved. • Why did we do nothing? • After U.S. entrance into the war in December 1941, FDR was worried attacks on concentration camps would divert crucial military resources. • He felt like winning the war quickly would save more lives.

21. VII. Meanwhile in Japan… • Japan needed to expand. It had limited natural resources and agricultural land. • Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, and mainland China in 1937. • Roosevelt responded by putting an embargo on oil, gas, andrubberbound for Japan. • Needing supplies, Japan took French Indochinain 1940. • Americans knew war with Japan was imminent, but they expected an attack in Malaya or the Philippines. The attack on Pearl Harbor came as a great surprise.

23. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 2,887 Americans Dead

24. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • December 7, 1941. A date which will live in infamy.

25. VI. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii USS Arizona

26. Admiral Yamamoto FDR signs declaration of war

27. VIII. War Strategy • President and commanders adopted the strategy to “get Germany first.” • If America put all its energy into fighting Japan, Hitler may have time to take Britain and the Soviet Union. • After Germany was knocked out, all the allies could focus on Japan.

28. IX. Japanese Internment Camps • 110,000 Japanese Americans living on the Pacific coast were put into internment campsunder executive order 9066. • FDR feared they could spy or sabotage for Japan. • In reality, many Japanese Americans were extremely patriotic and pro-American. • Supreme Court Case Korematsu v. United States(1944) found the internment camps constitutional.

31. X. Building the War Machine • Huge military orders could finally jump start production and end the Great Depression. • Goods for military were plentiful, but goods for consumers were scarce, bringing prices up. • Office of Price Administration(OPA) brought the inflationary prices down with ration books.

32. X. Building the War Machine • In order to produce the goods necessary, many women became employed in industry. • Day care centers opened up, so that even mothers could be employed. • Most women left their jobs after the war due to family obligations.

34. XI. Pacific Front Major U.S. leaders in the Pacific: Douglas MacArthur and Chester Nimitz

35. XI. Pacific Front • Fighting took place on Pacific Islands and in ships and planes over the ocean. Japan rapidly invaded and took over small island outposts to place a buffer between U.S. forces and the home islands. • Because Japan overextended itself, it was hard for them to supply and defend all the islands.

37. XI. Pacific Front • Bataan Death March, 1942 • Deadly 80 mile forced march of Allied POWs to Japanese prison camps. Thousands were killed by exhaustion, disease, and execution.

38. XI. Pacific Front • Battle of Midway • Turning pointin the Pacific. After this American victory, Japan would only lose territory to the Americans. • Island Hopping • Major U.S. strategy in the Pacific where allied forces would “leapfrog” Japanese islands, cutting them off from supplies rather than invading and taking each island individually.

39. XI. Pacific Front

40. XI. Pacific Front • Navajo Code Talkers • Translated war information in the Navajo language, which made it extremely difficult for the Japanese to the break code. • Flying Tigers • American pilots who assisted the Chinese against Japanese attack in the Pacific Theater.

41. XII. European Front Major U.S. leaders in Europe: Dwight Eisenhower and George Patton

42. XII. European Front • Tuskegee Airmen • Group of black pilots who flew escort missions for bombers over Europe. Despite experiencing blatant racism, the airmen had the lowest losses of any other escort group.

43. XII. European Front • D-Day:June 6, 1944 • US, Britain, Canada would invade France at Normandy, while Russia simultaneously invaded Germany from the East. • Since the invasion force at Normandy would be mostly made up of Americans, Dwight D. Eisenhower was given command of “Operation Overlord”. • Invasion was a success, despite enormous casualties. • General Patton began leading tank divisions across France and into Germany.

47. XII. European Front • FDR wins reelection campaign for his fourth term in 1944. • April 12, 1945 FDR dies in office, leaving Vice President Harry S. Truman to take over as commander in chief.

48. Churchill (Britain), Roosevelt, and Stalin (Soviet Union) at Yalta

49. XII. European Front • Hitler, trapped between Soviets and British/American soldiers, commits suicidein his bunker on April 30, 1945. • Germans surrender on May 7, 1945. Day is known as VE day, or Victory in Europe Day.