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Logical Reasoning & Argument (Logos)

Logical Reasoning & Argument (Logos). Chapter 12. Reasoning from Generalization. Induction – from specific to general. My Toyota has acceleration problems. Your Toyota has acceleration problems. Bob’s Toyotas have acceleration problems. Conclusion: Toyotas have acceleration problems.

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Logical Reasoning & Argument (Logos)

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  1. Logical Reasoning & Argument(Logos) Chapter 12

  2. Reasoning from Generalization • Induction – from specific to general. • My Toyota has acceleration problems. • Your Toyota has acceleration problems. • Bob’s Toyotas have acceleration problems. Conclusion: Toyotas have acceleration problems. • Deduction – from general to specific. • Smoking cigarettes causes cancer. • Marlboro is a cigarette. Conclusion: Smoking Marlboros causes cancer.

  3. Reasoning from Analogy • May be either literal or figurative. • Comparing one or more items that are similar in some way. • Tennessee should legalize medical marijuana. • Alaska legalized medical marijuana back in 1998. Reasoning: Tennessee and Alaska are both states and are therefore similar.

  4. Reasoning from Cause • Typically either from cause-to-effect or from effect-to-cause.

  5. Reasoning from Sign • Reasoning from circumstances or clues. • He drives a Porsche. He must be wealthy. • She is wet. It must be raining. • My brakes are squealing. I need new brake pads.

  6. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning: A “Snapshot” of an Argument Grounds = evidence or data

  7. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning Claim = the point the arguer is trying to prove

  8. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning Warrant = links grounds and claim; “Since”

  9. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning Backing = Support for the warrant

  10. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning Qualifier = Degree of certainty of the argument

  11. Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning Rebuttal = Reasons that refute the argument; “Unless”

  12. Example using Toulmin Model

  13. Another Example from our Text: Research from U.S. Dept. of Health (B) Heavy smokers are more likely to develop cancer than non-smokers. (W) George smokes heavily (G). George is likely to develop cancer. (C) Probably (Q) Unless George is lucky, or unless a cure is found, or unless he has unusual immunity, or unless he stops smoking. (R)

  14. Our Own Example What background information supports the warrant? What is the connection between the grounds & claim? What evidence supports this claim? _______ was the best movie of 2009. How certain are you of this warrant? (Very, probably, certainly, absolutely, possibly, maybe, % sure, etc.) Unless . . .

  15. Fallacies (to name a few) • Overgeneralization (“Everybody thinks” or “All”) • False causation (post hoc ergo propter hoc) • Red herring (irrelevant information) • Either/or (false polarization) • Loaded questions • Arguing in a circle • Ad hominem • Appeal to prejudice • False appeal to authority Want to know more? Check out http://www.fallacyfiles.org/index.html

  16. A 20 pt. “Think Piece” Assignment: • Between now and the end of the semester, find a fallacy. • Write out the fallacy and give the name of the fallacy. • This assignment does not have to be typed. • Fallacies are everywhere! (Wait, is that overgeneralization? No!)

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