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More Syntax

More Syntax. Introduction to the Study of Syntax 2: Advanced Phrase Structure, Recursion, and Complex Clauses tt. AdvP. Sometimes. PP. NP. In the morning. Every night. Basic Clause Structures. S. Adjunct. Subject. Predicate. NP. VP. Operator. he. Aux. VP. Predicator. Object.

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More Syntax

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  1. More Syntax Introduction to the Study of Syntax 2: Advanced Phrase Structure, Recursion, and Complex Clauses tt

  2. AdvP Sometimes PP NP In the morning Every night Basic Clause Structures S Adjunct Subject Predicate NP VP Operator he Aux VP Predicator Object will V NP take a cab

  3. Proper John Pro NP he her husband Basic Clause Structures S Adjunct Subject Predicate VP Operator Aux VP Perhaps Predicator Object will V take a cab

  4. Proper John Pro NP him her husband Basic Clause Structures S Adjunct Subject Predicate VP Operator Maybe she Aux VP Object Predicator will V take

  5. S (AdvP) NP (AdvP) VP (AdvP)  VP VP  Aux VP V NP  The formulation of rules ’’ reads ’can be rewritten as’

  6. S ….. S …..  NP ….. NP …..  In general: X ….. X …..  The notion of recursion

  7. Complex Clause Structures S Adjunct Subject Predicate VP Operator S´ S´ Aux VP Object Predicator V S´

  8. Complex Clauses Adverbial Subject Predicate Verbal Object [S [S´Because they have studied diligently] [NPthe students] [VPmaypass [NPtheir exams]]] [S [S´That they have studied diligently] [VPpleases [NPme]]] [S[NPThe students] [VPclaim [S´that they have studied diligently]]]

  9. S Adjunct Predicate Subject S´ NP VP Subord S Aux the students VP Subject Predicate NP V NP Because VP may they pass D N have studied diligently their exams

  10. S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP That VP they have studied diligently S Subject Predicate VP NP V Pro pleases me

  11. S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP that VP they have studied diligently S Subject Predicate NP VP The students V claim

  12. Finite (tensed) verbforms: Non-finite verbforms: Present -Ø/-s: walk, walks break, breaks Infinitive, Imperative -Ø: walk, break Past -ed: walked broke Past ptc. -en: walked, broken Present ptc. Gerund -ing: walking, breaking Finite – non-finite Every sentence (main, or root, clause) must contain a finite verb! A finite verb is a verb marked for tense

  13. I prefer [S´that he takes a cab] finite I prefer [S´for him to take a cab] non-finite I prefer [S´to take a cab] non-finite Non-finite clauses Subordinate (embedded) clauses may be finite or non-finite

  14. Gerund clause [S [S´Studying young people] [VPcan be [APinteresting]]] Infinitive clause [S [S´To study diligently] [VPwillplease [NPthe students]]] Infinitive clause [S [NPThe professor] [VPwants [S´the students to study diligently]]] Infinitive clause [S [NPThe professor] [VPwants [S´to study diligently]]] Types of non-finite clauses … Subject Predicate Verbal Subject complement Object

  15. Types of non-finite clauses Subject Predicate Adverbial Verbal Object Present participle clause [S [S´Having studied diligently] [NPthe students] [VPmaypass [NPtheir exams]]] Past participle clause [S [S´Given enough time] [NPthe students] [VPmaypass [NPtheir exams]]]

  16. S S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP Ø VP Aux the students VP to work diligently Subject Predicate Infinitive clause ‘accusative with infinitive’ NP VP Object D N V The professor wants

  17. S S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP Ø VP Aux Ø VP controls to work diligently Subject Predicate Infinitive clause NP VP Object D N V The professor wants [The professor] is the ‘logical subject’ of [to work]

  18. S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP Ø VP Aux VP Ø To study diligently controls S Subject Predicate VP Aux VP V NP will please D N the students

  19. Gerund Clause Subord S Subject Predicate NP Ø VP Aux VP Ø -ing Study young people ‘It can be interesting to study young people’ S Subject Predicate S´ VP Aux VP V AP can be interesting

  20. NP NP D N´ AP Ø N´ AP N Studying young people ‘Young people who study can be inter-esting’ S Subject Predicate VP Aux VP V AP can be interesting

  21. Present Participle Clause S´ Subord S Subject Predicate NP Ø VP Aux VP Ø -ing Study diligently controls S Adjunct Subject Predicate NP VP Aux VP D N the students may V NP pass their exams

  22. S´ Past Participle Clause Subord S subject Ø NP VP Aux VP Ø -en Aux V´ Od {passive} V´ NP Oi V NP enough time Give Ø controls S Adjunct Predicate Subject NP VP D N Aux VP the students may V pass

  23. Test yourselves on these: • a. John is eager to please • b. John is easy to please • a. John persuaded Jill to see a doctor • b. John promised Jill to see a doctor

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