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Eisenhower Years!

Eisenhower Years!. Chapter 37 1952-1960. 1950s. American Dream Suburbia Domesticity for women Popular culture “teenagers” consumerism Nuclear hysteria Civil Rights. POST WWII TECH. Home construction – suburbs Boeing 707 passenger jet Air Force One

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Eisenhower Years!

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  1. Eisenhower Years! Chapter 37 1952-1960

  2. 1950s • American Dream • Suburbia • Domesticity for women • Popular culture “teenagers” • consumerism • Nuclear hysteria • Civil Rights

  3. POST WWII TECH • Home construction – suburbs • Boeing 707 passenger jet • Air Force One • Transistor 1948, leads to first computer and high tech corp. IBM • “info age” • TV • Space satellites

  4. Idealism A. Image of the perfect family. 1. Ozzie and Harriet & Leave it to Beaver 2. Working dad, 2 kids, mom at home 3. White Middle Class 4. Stereotypical gender roles 5. White collar on the rise 6. Unions peak, 1954 (35%, then decline)

  5. Women’s Opportunities • Many new clerical jobs for women • Women fill majority of jobs created during 50s • “pink collar ghetto occupations” • Tensions between work and home rise

  6. Feminine Mystique, 1963 A. Betty Freidan wrote the book to open women’s eyes to the “cult of domesticity” B. Women were not fulfilled. Starting to question whether there is more to life.

  7. Consumer Culture • The US becomes massive consumers and businesses respond. • McDonald’s • Disneyland • TV Media • Televangelists – Billy Graham • Sports shifts reflect sunbelt growth (Giants and Dodgers move) • Advertising: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN_UqvcynYw • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jFRShOZP_w • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcrCyypYEuI

  8. Continued…… • Rock n’ roll • Elvis Presley • crossed racial boundaries Movies & Playboy Marilyn Monroe • Critics call followers of mass popular culture “conformists”

  9. Election of 1952 • Democrats elect Aldai Stevenson ( Ds hurt over Truman/MacArthur clash) • Republicans nominate Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower/Nixon ticket • Attacked democrats for corruption, caving in Korea, and coddling communists • TV presidential ads simplify issues Eisenhower – sweeping victory. People’s choice. Biggest criticism is he chose “social harmony over social justice”

  10. McCarthy

  11. Civil Rights • Under Eisenhower • 1950: 15 million African Americans, 2/3 are in the South. • Jim Crow laws governed South: blacks economically and politically powerless, socially inferior • 20% Southern blacks eligible to vote • 5% in deep South: Mississippi and Alabama

  12. Emmett Till, 1955 3. Vigilante Justice: 14 years old lynched for leering at a white woman in Mississippi

  13. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks, 1954

  14. S.C. takes the Lead • The “Warren” Court – bold on brave • Chief Justice Earl Warren, ex-California governor.

  15. Brown v. Board of Education • 1954, segregation banned in public schools • Massive Resistance • Reverses “Plessey vs. Ferguson”

  16. Little Rock Nine • 1957, Federal troops escort 9 students into a public high school

  17. 1957 Civil Rights Act • 1st since Reconstruction • Set up Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of voting rights in south.

  18. Martin Luther King Jr. • SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conferences, 1957 • Mobilized Churches • Nonviolent protest

  19. Greensboro Sit-Ins, 1960 • 4 black college freshmen at Woolworth practiced non-violent behavior • The next day they return with 19 students • The next day they return with 85 • By the end of the week..1,00 • SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed. Grow impatient with slow, legal tactics of NAACP and SCLC.

  20. Republicanism at Home • Cut back gov’t (oil, TVA, antipolio) • Operation Wetback • Attempted to overturn FDR’s Indian Bill of Rights • Upheld some New Deal programs “would destroy party” • SSA, unemployment insurance, farm/labor programs • Interstate Hwy Act, 1956 – 27 billion dollars for 42,000 miles of highways

  21. “New Look” for Foreign Policy • Condemned containment • Cut military spending? • Strategic Air Command authorized (fleet of atomic super bombers) • Policy massive retaliation & “brinkmanship”

  22. Foreign Affairs • Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh writes to the U.S. after WWII asking for assistance becoming an independent republic. U.S. support French instead as they try to recolonize, so Minh seeks assistance from Soviets. • Iran -1953 – CIA leads military coup to install a new shah, Reza Pahlevi (dictator) in order to establish low oil prices. • Suez Crisis – Pres. Nassar seeking funds for Suez Canal. UK/France invade after Soviet’s finance it. • Oil producing shifting from U.S. to Middle East • Eisenhower Doctrine – military/economic aid to middle eastern countries resisting communism • Real threat, however, is NOT communism but nationalism • OPEC formed, 1960 (Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries) S. Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Venezuela

  23. Space Race • 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik • U.S. creates NASA • Concerned about ICBMs • 1969, man on moon

  24. Rocket Fever • Leads to critics of the American educational system • Tougher, higher standards • 1958, National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) -Gives 887 million in loans to college students

  25. Dirty Tests • 1958, Khrushchev goes to UN and offers proposal for complete disarmament • Wants an evacuation of Berlin • U2 spy plane incident ruins Camp David progress and Paris summit conference in 1960

  26. Cuba • Cuba falls to communism under Fidel Castro • Ousted dictator Fulgencio Batista • Condemned Yankee imperialists • Confiscated white property and began land distribution • Helms Burton Act – strict embargo on trade, still in effect • 1 million refugees leave for U.S. between 1960-2000 • “containment” failed 90 miles from home • Many Latin American countries hostile toward U.S. intervention (1954 CIA military coup in Guatemala ousted leftist government)

  27. Election of 1960 A. Kennedy (LBJ) vs.. Nixon (Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.) B. Profile 1. Young 2. Catholic 3. Democrat 4. Used TV to his benefit • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QazmVHAO0os

  28. Misc. 50s • 22nd amendment, 1951 – limits presidency to two terms • Alaska and Hawaii become states • WWII does not spawn the literary outpouring WWI had. (Characteristic “realism” of the 20s) • After WWII – writing moves away from realism to psychedelic/fantastic prose • Kurt Vonnegut/Joseph Heller • Richard Wright/James Baldwin • Some realists remain...Hemingway, Steinbeck • Poets – Silvia Plath, Ezra Pound

  29. END OF Ch. 37

  30. Under Kennedy 1. May 1961: Freedom riders. Promote racial equality in the South. 2. Martin Luther King Birmingham, Alabama to fight discrimination. Police used firehouses to knock people down. 3. 1963 Kennedy called for Civil Rights legislation to protect Black citizens. 4. August 1963: “March on Washington” a. Martin Luther Kings “I have a dream speech” 200,000 in attendance

  31. 5. Bombing of Baptist Church in Birmingham 4 young girls killed.

  32. D. Kennedy advocated for a continued Space Race. 1. “We will land a man on the moon” 2. Apollo 11: July 20, 1969

  33. E. Cuban Confrontations 1. Need to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba. 2. Communist and also an ally with Soviet Union.

  34. F. Bay of Pigs 1. Partnership between US’s CIA and 1,200 Cuban exiles tried to assassinate Fidel Castro, however the mission was a disaster. 2. Consequence: Fidel’s relationship between Khrushchev and the Soviet Union grew stronger. 3. Kennedy accepted full responsibility for the blunder.

  35. Cuban Missile Crisis G. Ariel photographs showing missiles in Cuba. US knew they were from the USSR. 1. Negotiations back and forth between the US and USSR. 2. US orders a blockade of Cuba 3. On the brink of nuclear war

  36. Kennedy Assassination H. 1963 assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald. 1. The nation and world is in shock and disbelief. 2. Johnson assumes the presidency.

  37. Kennedy’s Contributions • In his 3 years as president, Kennedy paved the way for the Civil Rights Movement. 1. Created the Peace Corp 2. Restored the economy

  38. J. Under Johnson 1. Civil Rights Act 1964: Banned racial discrimination in public facilities -theatres -restaurants 2. EEOC: Equal Economic Opportunity Commission elimination of discrimination when hiring, including sexual. 3. Tax Bill (Kennedy’s) goes through with proposals for “War on Poverty”

  39. 4. 24th Amendment: banned poll taxes in federal elections. 5. “Freedom Summer” 1964 “We Shall Overcome” 6. Martin Luther King Jr.: Voter registration drive with Stokley Carmichael. March to Montgomery: violence on TV. 7. 1965 Voter Registration Act- no more literacy tests. 8. Black Separatism movement: “Black Power”

  40. 9. Malcolm X: Black Islam leader: 2 million converts. - Preached separatism 10. Watts riots: police brutality 11. Black Panthers: Oakland, CA carrying weapons 12. Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated April 14th, 1968.

  41. K. Great Society 1. War on Poverty a. Continuing Kennedy’s vision of giving the nation an opportunity to get back on their feet financially. b. Aid in education c. Medical care for the elderly d. immigration reform e. Created Social Security f. Medicare & Medical

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