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Biological Macromolecules Notes

Biological Macromolecules Notes. Molecules necessary for every living thing on Earth to survive. They are all organic – contain Carbon (C). How do they bond together?. Dehydration synthesis – process in wincha a water molecule (H 2 O) is removed so that bonding can take place.

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Biological Macromolecules Notes

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  1. Biological MacromoleculesNotes Molecules necessary for every living thing on Earth to survive. They are all organic – contain Carbon (C)

  2. How do they bond together? • Dehydration synthesis – process in wincha a water molecule (H2O) is removed so that bonding can take place. • Hydrolysis – process where a molecule splits into smaller molecules and gains a water molecule (H2O).

  3. Carbohydrates

  4. Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches are in a ring shape. • Made of C-H-O in a 1:2:1 ratio. • One single monomer is called a monosaccharide, ex. Glucose (C6H12O6) • Two monomers are called a disaccharide, ex. Sucrose (C12H24O12) • Three or more monomers are called a polysaccharide (starches): • Glycogen – stored in animals • Cellulose – stored in plants

  5. Carbohydrates • The process of changing monomers together into polymers is called polymerization. • With carbs it is done through dehydration synthesis. • Carbs provide all animal energy! • Examples: corn, potatoes, pasta, bread, candy, etc.

  6. Lipids

  7. Lipids • Fats, oils, and waxes. • Made of C-H-O in the formation of a chain with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

  8. Lipids • This group is a phospholipids. • Two lipids back their fatty acids up and form the bilayer making up the membrane covering of cells. • They create a waterproof covering. • Lipids store energy in layers. • Examples: Butter, vegetable oil, animal fat.

  9. Lipids • There are two types of lipids: • Saturated fat which is solid at room temperature and made of a single C-C bond. • Unsaturated fat which is liquid a room temperature and contains at least one double C=C bond.

  10. Protein NH2 COOH

  11. Protein • Made of C-H-O-N chained together by polypeptide bonds. • Each section is an amino acid; when chained together they make 1 protein. • There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids that build all proteins. • Each protein structure is identified in groups. • Amino Group (NH2) • Carboxyl Group (COOH)] • R Group – variable that determines the protein.

  12. Proteins • Proteins build muscle tissue, regulate cell process and are the source for catalyst reactions. • Chaining amino acids together is called protein synthesis and is performed in RNA. • Ex.: Glycoproteins, Insulin, Testosterone, and Estrogen

  13. Nucleic Acid

  14. Nucleic Acids • Made of C-H-O-N-P in units called nucleotides containing a P(phosphate) group, a S(sugar) group, and an N(nitrogen base) group. • The type of sugar determines DNA (deoxyribose – double strand) or RNA (ribose – single strand).

  15. Nucleic Acids • DNA nitrogen bases are paired up: • Adenine with Thymine • Guanine with Cytosine • RNA bases are the same EXCEPT Thymine is REPLACED by Uracil. • DNA carries all genetic material for inheritance. • RNA cause protein synthesis that makes protein chains. • ATP is adenosine triphosphate – pure energy formed during cellular respiration for body usage and movement.

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