Next theories

2. Next theories • Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add. . . . • Cognition, thought, motivation, etc. • Social learning • In Skinner box animals are alone • We learn by watching others! • Treat humans as active in selecting their environment • In Skinner box a rat is placed in there • We select our environments and they will change because we are in them • You at a party!

3. Theories • Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory • Rotter’s Social Learning Theory • Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

4. Dollard & Miller

5. Dollard and Miller • Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!

6. Habit Hierarchy • All the behaviors a person might do • From most likely to least likely

7. Habit Hierarchy Talk to Ponch Get a drink Talk to a woman In a bar Comb hair But, this can change based on reinforcement or punishment Flex muscles

8. Activity • Create your own habit hierarchy for being in the classroom • List Top 5 habits • Why do you think these are the top 5? • How do you think we could change these?

9. In order to learn -- John (an organism) must • 1) Want something (a woman) • 2) Notice something (perceive the woman) • 3) Do something (talk to the woman) • 4) Get something (a smile)

10. Note • This is already different than behaviorism • Dollard and Miller • Motivation (want something) • Perception (notice something)

11. Note • This is already different than behaviorism • Behaviorism • Learning changes behavior • Dollard and Miller • Learning changes the HH • HH is a non-observable psychological entity

12. What do you want? • Drives • A psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced. Need Drive

13. Drives • Primary Drives • Biologically built-in drives • Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc. • Secondary Drives • Psychologically based • Love, prestige, money, power, etc. • Learned by being paired with primary drives

14. Imagine John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date John gets rejected! Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch Arrests a person for no reason at all!

15. Why? • Freud • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis • Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to lash out or injure. • The more important the goal, the greater will be the aggressive impulse

16. Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis • Different than Freud • No ID is needed (or ego) • Same as Freud • Displacement • e.g., riots • Sublimation (can be constructive)

18. What is fun? The story about me in the book

19. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • Conflict between desire and fear • Changes over time

20. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 1) An increase in drive strength will increase the tendency to approach or avoid a goal VS. If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch, John will also want the goal more!

21. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 2) Whenever there are two competing responses, the stronger one (the one with the greater drive) will win out. Drive: Companionship Drive: Avoid rejection

22. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal John sees the Angels across the room John talks to them John asks them back to his place

23. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal

24. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also increases the closer one is to the goal John sees the Angels across the room John talks to them John asks them back to his place

25. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

26. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

27. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

28. Approach-Avoidance Conflict • 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3. Avoidance Approach

29. Group Activity • Have you ever had something in the future that you were both looking forward to and dreading? • Did your feelings about it change over time in the way Dollard and Miller describe?

30. Defense Mechanisms • Freud’s explanation • Dollard and Miller • Negative Reinforcement • A reward that consists of the withdrawal of aversive stimuli

31. Defense Mechanisms • Negative Reinforcement • Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively reinforcing • The behavior that occurred before such cessation will become more likely Put your hand in the fire!

32. Defense Mechanisms • Dollard and Miller • DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively reinforced because they remove anxiety

33. Defense Mechanism • Denial • Repression • Reaction Formation • Projection • Rationalization • Intellectualization

34. Defense Mechanisms • Freud vs. Dollard and Miller • Freud was right . . . . Perhaps too complicated • Principle of Parsimony

36. Rotter’s Social Learning Theory

37. Markey's Casino

38. Blamoooooo All games cost $10 Jackpot: $100 Jackpot: $1,000 Odds: .000001% Odds: 50%

39. Rotter • Behaviorism would predict you would go for the biggest reward • However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are also important! • Expectancy Value Theory

40. Elements • Behavior Potential (BP) • The probability that you will perform the behavior in question • Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!

41. Elements • Expectancy (E) • A persons belief about how likely a behavior will bring about a goal

42. Expectancy • If you ask a person out will they say yes? • If you think so: • “Asking out” has high expectancy • If you do not think so: • “Asking out” has low expectancy

43. Expectancy • It is a belief • Objective odds matter less then subjective odds • Lottery!

44. Expectancy • Specific (E’) • Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time • “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say yes?”

45. Questionnaire • LC questionnaire

46. Expectancy • Specific (E’) • Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time • “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say yes?” • General (GE) • Belief if anything a person does is likely to make a difference • “Nothing I do is going to matter anyway – why bother asking Batman or anyone out!”

47. Expectancy • General Expectancy • Like a trait • High GE (Internal locus of control) • Energetic, highly motivated • Low GE (External locus of control) • Depressed, low motivation

48. Expectancy • Both E’ and GE are important E = Expectancy for a behavior to bring about a reward GE = General expectancy E’ = Specific expectancy for the behavior N = number of times you have been in this situation

49. Elements • Reinforcement Value (RV) • The subjective benefit of a reward • How much do you really care about the outcome?

50. Reinforcement Value • How much do you care about getting that date? • How much do you care if you are rejected? • How much do you care about doing school work instead? • Note: RV is a relative term!