PESTICIDES AND PROTECTING YOUR ENVIROMENT

1. PESTICIDES AND PROTECTING YOUR ENVIROMENT

2. When using pesticides, what are the…. Non- target species Pest susceptibility Effects on and in the immediate environment? Weather Soil type SENSITIVE AREAS

4. Pesticide Movement ON OR IN SOIL, PLANTS, CLOTHING, ANIMALS AIR - DROPLETS WATER

5. DRIFT • Droplets • Vapor • Pesticide bound to dust or soil Physical Drift Vapor or Chemical Drift

6. Physical Drift & Droplet Size Smaller Larger

7. 2000 m 850 m 420 m 300 m 150 m 100 m #2 Pencil lead paper clip staple toothbrush bristle sewing thread human hair Comparison of Micron Sizes(approximate)

9. Nozzle Drop Size Classes Very Fine to Fine < 200 um Medium to Coarse – 200 to 450 um Very Coarse > 450 um

10. Tip Spray Selection by Drop Size Turbo TeeJet Flat-fan

11. Sources of Spray Mist or Fines Aerodynamic Effects Air friction due to speed of the application vehicle causes additional production of small droplets

12. Sources of Spray Mist or Fines Secondary Break-Up Droplet elongation and fracture produces small droplets \

13. Sources of Spray Mist or Fines Aerodynamic Effects Air friction due to speed of the application vehicle is dependent upon the nozzle orientation angle. 90o produces the greatest number of small droplets Movement

14. Spray Tip Height

15. WIND Moves the droplets!

16. Driftability of Spray Droplets of Varying Sizes Crosswind @ 3 mph • 20 m • 50 m • 100 m • 150 m • m • 8 ft 22 ft. 48 ft. 178 ft. 1065 ft. 10 feet \

17. Air Temperature & Evaporation 77oF

18. 2nd Type of Drift Chemical Drift Vapor Drift Pesticide Volatility

19. Vapor Drift • Pesticide changes into a gas -- the pesticide evaporates!! • Moves from the target area

20. Vapor Pressure • Vapor pressures vary widely among pesticides. • The least volatile pesticides: • salts and acids • Pesticide more prone to volatize: • phenols and esters

21. Volatility • Conversion of a liquid or solid to a gas • Lower vapor pressure = lower volatility • EPTC – 3.4 x 10-2 mm Hg • Fargo – 1.1 x 10-4 mm Hg • 2,4-D ester = 13 mPa • Banvel = 4.5 mPa (9x10-6 mm Hg) • Banvel SGF = 1.6 mPa • Tordon = 0.082 mPa (6x10-7 mm Hg) • Roundup = 0.010 mPa (2x10-7 mm Hg

22. Volatility is also affected by: • Weather • High temperatures • 2x more 2,4-D ester volatilizes at 80o than 70o • Low humidity = more volatilization • Air Inversions

23. Droplet Size • Wind -- < 10 MPH & away from sensitive areas • Choose formulation wisely • Drift control additives • Apply early morning or late evening. Higher humidity. • Air Inversions! • Avoid high temps > 85 F • Know your surroundings • Calibrate equipment • Mix properly • Read and heed all labels.

24. Pesticide Losses at Application

25. Pesticide Losses In Water • Leaching • Run off • Spills and backsiphoning • Improper disposal

26. Amount of chemical that can be dissolved into a solution Expressed as parts per million. > 30 ppm means high solubility = high tendency to leach or runoff. Tordon = 400- 430 2,4-D = 890 Assert = 1370 Ally/Escort 1750 (pH 5) 2790 (pH 7) 213,000 (pH 9)  Paraquat = 7000 Roundup = 15,700 900,000 Solubility

27. Runoff vs. Leaching

28. Adsorption • The binding of a pesticide molecule to a soil particle • Mostly due to organic matter that coats the soil particle • More organic matter = more binding by less-soluble pesticides

30. Banvel – 2 Stinger – 6 Pursuit – 10 Tordon – 16 2,4-D – 20 Assert – 35 to 66 2,4-D Ester – 100 MCPA – 110 Broadstrike - 700 Methyl Parathion – 5100 Lorsban - 6070 Treflan –7000 Roundup – 24,000 * Buctril – 10,000 Capture – 216,500 Paraquat – 1,000,000 * binds tight but also highly water soluble Koc of Common Pesticides

31. Some things to ponder • Read the label! • Look for restrictions based on soil type. Example – restrictions on loamy sand to sandy soils. • Calibrate! Calibrate! Calibrate! • Do not over apply • Know the soil type in the area you are spraying. Conduct a soil test….

32. Texturing your soils

34. Even a jar test will give you an idea!

35. Persistence (Residual) • Degradation • Microbes (#1) • pH (#2) • Sunlight • Rate applied • Degraded over time to produce CO2, H2O, N, P, Su, • Expressed as “half-life.” • Time required for that substance to degrade to one-half its previous concentration.

36. Degradation values of some common pesticides (1/2 life in days) • Malathion - 1 • 2,4-D - 10 • Banvel – 14 • Ally, Amber – 30 • Stinger - 40 • Assert – 45 • Roundup - 47 • Tordon – 90 to 180 • Spike - 360 • Paraquat – 1000

37. Protecting Water Resources

38. Protect your wells!

39. Protecting Water Resources • Practice IPM • Environmental considerations • Well Locations? • Calibrate and use only what is needed • Mix and load carefully • Prevent back-siphoning • Consider the weather • Select, store and dispose of pesticides carefully

40. Disposal of Pesticides & Containers • Know the size of the area you want to spray. • Know how to calibrate a sprayer. • Know how to mix pesticides • Buy mix, apply and store only what you need!!

41. Triple Rinsing Containers

42. Triple Rinsing Containers • Triple rinsed within 48 hours of being emptied • Must be triple rinsed for landfill disposal • Never use pesticide containers for other purposes • Burning of pesticide containers is not allowed

43. Montana Department of Agriculture Waste Pesticide Program http://mtpesticides.org