Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression

1. Interpersonal Processes That Contribute to Depression John Vitkus, Ph.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation

2. A Tale of Two Theories • The Interpersonal Circle • Sex-Differences in Communication

3. Theory 1:Interpersonal Theory andThe Interpersonal Circle • 1913, George Herbert Mead • 1938, Harry Stack Sullivan • 1957, Timothy Leary • 1974, Lorna Benjamin • 1983, Donald Kiesler • 2002, G. Scott Acton and William Revelle

4. Dimension 1:Affiliation Hostile Friendly

5. Dimension 2: Control Dominant Submissive

6. A Two-Dimensional Model Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

7. Mapping Behaviors on the Model order meddle criticize advise scold assist attack reject love withdraw request sulk disclose apologize acquiesce obey

8. A Circumplex Arrangement

9. The Interpersonal Circumplex Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

10. Typical Interaction Patterns Dominant Accusing the partner Offering advice Hostile Friendly Asking for help Justifying oneself Submissive

11. The Principle of ComplementarityRobert Carson, 1969Any particular behavior tends to elicit a response that issimilar in its level of affiliation, butopposite in its level of control.

12. The Interpersonal Circle Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

13. Theory 2:Sex-Differences in Communication • 1990, Deborah Tannen: • You Just Don’t Understand • 1992, John Gray • Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus

14. For Women: • Primary motive for communication: • To establish and maintain relationships. • Primary method of communication • “rapport talk”

15. For Men: • Primary motive for communication: • To establish and maintain status. • Primary method of communication • “report talk”

16. Examples of sex-differences • Asking for directions • The speed up signal • Parenting

17. Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

18. Women conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Affiliation Hostile Friendly

19. Men conceptualize communication first along the dimension of Control Dominant Submissive

20. An example from her: “You need to watch your cholesterol.”

21. Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

22. Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Grateful compliance Submissive

23. What she expects to hear: “Thanks. I’ll watch what I eat. I appreciate your concern for my health.”

24. A woman sees affiliation . . . Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

25. But a man sees control . . . Dominant Loving advice Hostile Friendly Submissive

26. What she sometimes hears: “Quit nagging!”

27. Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

28. A man sees control . . . Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

29. But a woman sees rejection . . . Dominant Frustrated criticism Hostile Friendly Submissive

30. Male Preference for Interpersonal Communication Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

31. Female Preference for Interpersonal Communication Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

32. A Healthy Exchange Model of Interpersonal Communication Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

33. An Insecure Male/Passive Female Pattern Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive

34. An Interpersonal/Sex-Differences Model of Depression Dominant Hostile Friendly Submissive