Emotion (IF:3.027) 2010.Vol.10.No.6.783-795 Allison S. Troy & Frank H.Wilhelm

1. Emotion (IF:3.027) 2010.Vol.10.No.6.783-795 Allison S. Troy & Frank H.Wilhelm Seeing the Silver Lining: Cognitive Reappraisal Ability moderates the Relationship between Stress andDepressive Symptoms

2. Seeing the Silver Lining: Cognitive Reappraisal Ability moderates the Relationship between Stress and Depressive Symptoms

3. cognitive reappraisal ability 认知重评能力（CRA） stress 压力 depressive symptom 抑郁症状 stressful life events（SLE） 压力性生活事件 skin conductance level 皮肤导电水平（SCL） cross-sectional study 横断研究 longitudinal study 纵向研究 paradigm 范式 index 指数 distribution 分布状态 Terminology

4. z-score Z分数 seven-point Likert scale 李克特七点量表 internal reliability 内部信度 slope 斜率 linear regression 线性回归 tolerance 公差 VIF 方差膨胀因子 interaction 交互作用 pretest 前测 construct 构念 Terminology

5. Abstract • Individuals differ in their adjustment to stressful life events, with some exhibiting impaired functioning, including depression, while others exhibit impressive resilience. • 个体在适应压力性生活事件的调整中表现不同，有些人表现为包括抑郁在内的功能性损伤，而另外一些人则表现出令人钦佩的适应力。

6. Abstract • The present study examined the hypothesis that the ability to deploy a particularly adaptive type of emotion regulation— cognitive reappraisal—may be a protective factor. • 本实验检验了调动一种特别适合的情绪调节类型的能力—即认知重评—可能是一种保护性因素的假设。

7. Abstract • It expands upon existing research in three ways. • 本实验从三个方面拓展了现有的研究。

8. Abstract • First, participants’ ability to use reappraisal (cognitive reappraisal ability: CRA) was measured by using a behavioral challenge that assessed changes in experiential and physiological domains, rather than questionnaires. • 首先，被试运用重评的能力（认知重评能力：CRA）是通过评估行为任务所导致的感受和生理方面的变化来测量的，而不是问卷形式。

9. Abstract • Second, all participants had been exposed to one or more recent stressful life events, a context in which emotion regulation may be particularly important. • 其次，所有的被试都有遭受一件或多件压力性生活事件，在此环境下，情绪调节可能是格外重要的。

10. Abstract • Third, a community sample of 78 women aged 20 to 60 was recruited, as opposed to undergraduates. • 第三，招募的是样本容量为78的年龄从20至60岁的社区女性，而不是大学生。

11. Abstract • Results indicate that, at low levels of stress, participants’ CRA was not associated with depressive symptoms. However, at high levels of stress, women with high CRA exhibited less depressive symptoms than those with low CRA, suggesting that CRA may be an important moderator of the link between stress and depressive symptoms.

12. Abstract • 结果显示，在低压力水平下，被试的认知重评能力与抑郁症状不相关。然而，在高压力水平下，高认知重评能力的女性比低认知重评能力的女性表现出更少的抑郁症状，这表明认知重评能力可能是压力和抑郁症状关系中的一个重要的调节者。

13. Measures • Cumulative stress • 累积压力: • Life Experiences Survey (LES) • 生活经历调查问卷 • Current depressive symptoms • 当前抑郁症状: • Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) • 贝克抑郁问卷

14. Measures • Self-reported trait cognitive reappraisal • 自我报告的特质认知重评: • Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) • 情绪调节问卷 • Cognitive reappraisal ability • 认知重评能力: • Self-report Sadness change • 自我报告的悲伤改变 • Skin Conductance Level (SCL) • 皮肤电水平

15. The moderating role of CRA • To test the hypothesis that CRA acts as a moderator of the relationship between cumulative stress and depressive symptoms, a series of linear regressions was conducted. Depressive symptoms were entered as the dependent variable, and cumulative stress, CRA, and the interaction of the two were entered as the independent variables (all independent variables were centered). • 我们为了检验CRA为累积压力与抑郁症状关系中的调节变量这一假设，做了一系列的线性回归。抑郁症状作为因变量，累积压力、CRA以及两者之间的交互作用作为自变量（所有的自变量都放入回归方程中）。

16. The moderating role of CRA • Because both measures of CRA were uncorrelated with cumulative stress (see Table 1), multicollinearity between the independent variables was low (in both models, tolerance >0.3, and VIF <3.5). • 因为CRA的两个测量指标均与累积压力不相关（见表1），自变量之间的多重共线性较低（在两个模型中，公差>0.3，方差膨胀因子<3.5）

17. The moderating role of CRA

18. The moderating role of CRA • The results of these regressions are shown in Table 2. For CRA-SAD, there was a positive main effect of cumulative stress, and a significant interaction between CRA-SAD and cumulative stress in predicting depressive symptoms. There was no significant main effect of CRA-SAD. For the addition of the interaction term to the model, the change in R2 was significant, R2 change =.07, F(1, 57) =4.7, p = .03. • 回归的结果如表2所示。从CRA-SAD来看，累积压力的主效应显著，同时CRA-SAD与累积压力之间存在显著的交互作用，CRA-SAD的主效应不显著。关于此模型其它的交互作用项目，决定系数的改变是显著的，为.07， • F(1, 57) =4.7, p = .03。

19. The moderating role of CRA

20. The moderating role of CRA • To examine the interaction, the relationship was plotted using values±1 standard deviation on CRA-SAD and cumulative stress, based on the procedures outlined by Aiken and West (1991). • 为了检验CRA-SAD与累积压力之间的交互作用，该关系基于Aiken和West（1991）提出的程序采用加减一个标准差的方法绘制出来。

21. The moderating role of CRA

22. The moderating role of CRA • Simple slopes analyses revealed that the slope of the regression line for high CRA-SAD was not significantly different from zero, β=.09, t(59) = .49, p=.62, while the slope of the regression line for low CRA-SAD was significantly greater than zero, β=.64, t(59) =3.63, p= .001. • 简单斜率分析显示在高CRA-SAD 情况下，回归方程的斜率并未与0显著不同，β=.09，t(59) = .49，p=.62；而在低CRA-SAD 的情况下，方程的斜率显著大于0，β=.64，t(59) =3.63， p= .001。

23. The moderating role of CRA • In other words, as illustrated in Figure 3, Panel A, participants high in CRA-SAD did not differ in depressive symptoms depending on their cumulative stress level, whereas those low in CRA-SAD differed in depressive symptoms depending on their level of stress. • 换句话说，如图3中的图A所示，高CRA-SAD的被试的抑郁症状并不随着累积压力水平的变 化而变化；而低CRA-SAD的被试的抑郁症状随着累积压力水平的变 化而变化。

24. The moderating role of CRA • We next examined the same interaction effect, but with high versus low cumulative stress on separate regression lines at high versus low levels of CRA-SAD. • 然后我们对此交互作用进一步检验，不过这次探讨的是不同累积压力水平下， 抑郁症状在不同CRA-SAD水平中的回归关系。

25. The moderating role of CRA • This analysis revealed that the slope of the regression line across different levels of CRA-SAD was not significantly different from zero at low stress, β=.17,t (59) = .89, p=.38. At high stress, however, the slope of the regression line was significantly lower than zero, β=.39,t(59) =2.47,p= .02,suggesting that, at high levels of stress, participants with high CRA-SAD had lower levels of depressive symptoms than those with low CRA-SAD.

26. 分析显示，低压力水平时，抑郁症状在不同水平CRA-SAD上的回归线的斜率与0无显著差别。高累积压力水平时，回归线的斜率显著小于0，表明在高压力情况下，高CRA-SAD的被试比低水平被试表现出更少的抑郁症状。分析显示，低压力水平时，抑郁症状在不同水平CRA-SAD上的回归线的斜率与0无显著差别。高累积压力水平时，回归线的斜率显著小于0，表明在高压力情况下，高CRA-SAD的被试比低水平被试表现出更少的抑郁症状。

27. The moderating role of CRA • Similar results were obtained with regression analyses using CRA-SCL. • 在使用CRA-SCL做回归分析时得到了相似的结果。

28. The moderating role of CRA Depressive symptoms Stress CRA

29. Think about the following questions: • 1.How to write a title? • 2.How to write an abstract for a manuscript? • 3.How to introduce the problem? How to explore importance of the problem? How to describe the relevant scholarship? How to state hypotheses and their correspondence to research design?

30. 4. How to describe participant characteristics? What is the sample ? What is the research • design? • 5. How to manipulate or intervene the experiment? • 6. How to make statistics and analyze data ?

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