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Inside the Cell

Inside the Cell. Cell cytoskeleton. Overview. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Cell organelles Endomembrane system transport within a cell, molecular “zip codes” Cytoskeleton a structural framework facilitates cell division, movement, and transport. Key concepts.

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Inside the Cell

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  1. Inside the Cell Cell cytoskeleton

  2. Overview • Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells • Cell organelles • Endomembrane system • transport within a cell, molecular “zip codes” • Cytoskeleton • a structural framework • facilitates cell division, movement, and transport

  3. Key concepts • The structure is related to function • Cells are dynamic and integrated

  4. Why are cells small? 4 3

  5. Light Microscopy Brightfield (unstained) Phase Contrast Magnification vs Resolution Resolution– minimum distance 2 points can be apart and still distinguished as separate Brightfield (stained) Nomarski Fluorescence Confocal

  6. Grouping of cells • Morphology- 2 types: • Prokaryotes- lack nucleus • Eukaryotes, have a nucleus • Phylogeny, or evolutionary history- three domains: • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya – eukaryotic

  7. All cells are surrounded by Plasma Membrane • Plasma membrane encloses the cell and separates its contents from its surroundings • Fluid Mosaic - Phospholipidbilayer, proteins • Transport proteins, receptor proteins, and markers

  8. Plasma Membrane

  9. All cells contain DNA and ribosomes • DNA in Prokaryotes – usually circular • Chromosome – in the nucleoid region • Small, usually circular, extrachromosomalplasmid - contains independent genes; for adapting to new environments • DNA in Eukaryotes –in the membrane-bound nucleus • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

  10. Bacteria: Common Structures • Plasma membrane • Stiff cell wall • A single chromosome • Ribosomes, which synthesize proteins Simple interior organization • No true nucleus • Few, if any compartments

  11. Typical Bacterial Cell

  12. Bacterial cell wall • Cell wall contains peptidoglycan • Gram-positive– thick, single- • layered cell wall • Gram-negative – multilayered • cell wall • Cell wall determines shapes, • and susceptibility to antibiotics • Polysaccharides cover cell wall for adhering to surfaces and form aggregates: biofilms

  13. Additional Internal Structures in some prokaryotic cells • Recent discoveries • Internal photosynthetic membranes • Somecytoskeleton of long, thin protein filaments • Some membrane-enclosed organelles Organelle: a membrane-bound compartment specialized for a particular function, common in eukaryotes

  14. External Structure: Flagella- Aids Bacterial Movement Tail-like structure, ROTATES to move the cell Structure unique to bacteria (flagellin component) One or more per cell or none depending on the species

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