World History 1500 to Present

1. World History 1500 to Present Unit 5 :WWII, 20th century genocides, Cold War, major Cold War conflicts and detente SOLs: WHII 10 c; 11 a,b,c; 12 a,b,c

2. Era VII: Era of Global Wars, 1914 to 1945 • WHII.10:The student will demonstrate knowledge of political, economic, social, and cultural developments during the Interwar Period by…. • C: examining events related to the rise, aggression, and human costs of dictatorial regimes in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan, and identifying their major leaders: (Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Hirohito, and Hideki Tojo)

3. The United States “between the wars” at home:

4. The United States “between the war” abroad: • isolationist

5. Causes of the Great Depression • Over speculation on stocks using borrowed money (buying on margin) • collapse of the nation’s banking system leading to severe contraction in the nation’s supply of money (LESS $$) in circulation • High protective tariffs + • ….Retaliatory tariffs in other countries = • SLOW/STRANGLE of World Trade

6. Impact of the Great Depression • Unemployment and homelessness • Collapse of financial system (bank closings) • Political unrest (growing militancy of labor unions) • Farm foreclosures and migration

7. New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt) • This program changed the role of the government to a more active participant in solving problems • Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation unemployed. (“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.”) • Relief measures provided direct payment to people for immediate help (Works Progress Administration—WPA).

8. New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt) • Recovery programs were designed to bring nation out of depression over time (Agricultural Adjustment Administration—AAA). • Reform measures corrected unsound banking and investment practices (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—FDIC). • Social Security Act offered safeguards for workers. • And many more….

9. How do dictators come to power? • Conditions that COULD produce a dynamic leader who can take power for himself: • Why do many dictatorships foster “totalitarian regimes?”

10. A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin after the Russian Revolution and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. • Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. (Worldwide depression in the 1930s)

11. Totalitarian Regimes • Features review from Unit 4: • Single party dictatorship • State control of the economy • Secret police/state sponsored terrorism • Censorship & Propaganda/government control of the media • Schools used to indoctrinate citizens • Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler

12. Interwar reading • Read together • Highlight or underline your copy as we read and make notes in the margins • Answer the questions that follow

13. The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany. • Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

14. Why did dictatorial governments emerge in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. after World War I? • 2. How did these regimes affect the world following World War I?

16. Axis Aggression and Appeasement • Identify examples of “territorial aggression” by Germany, Italy and Japan • Be able to look at a map of the world and pinpoint where they went and what they did • Pacifism • What is APPEASEMENT? • Forms of appeasement may include: • Sanctions (penalties) • Embargoes • boycotts

17. U.S.S.R. during the Interwar Period — Joseph Stalin ** NOT AN AXIS POWER!! • Entrenchment of communism • Stalin’s policies: Five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police • Great Purge rid him of old Bolshevik soldiers/officers

19. Germany during the Interwar Period — Adolf Hitler • Inflation and depression • Democratic government weakened • Anti-Semitism • Extreme nationalism • National Socialism (Nazism) • German occupation of nearby countries

20. Italy during the Interwar Period — Benito Mussolini • Rise of fascism • Ambition to restore the glory of Rome • Invasion of Ethiopia

21. Japan during the Interwar Period — Hirohito and Hideki Tojo • Militarism • Industrialization of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials • Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

22. Key Totalitarian/Militarists Leaders:

23. The Fascists Benito Mussolini- Italy Adolph Hitler- Germany Fransico Franco- Spain Juan Peron- Argentina The Communists Joseph Stalin - USSR Mao Zedong- China Ho Chi Minh- Vietnam Fidel Castro- Cuba Tito- Yugoslavia Representative 20th Century Dictators

24. Spain: General 1892-1975Francisco Franco resulted from a civil war with communists aided by Italy and Germany Spanish Civil War is called “dress rehearsal for WWII” by many historians Francisco Franco

25. Benito Mussolini 1883-1945Il Duce • Italy- in political and economic crisis • had support of middle class seeking stability • 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM • Could legislate by decree, police state • Created Young Fascists

26. Adolph Hitler 1889-1945Der Fuhrer • Anti-Semitic • wrote “Mein Kampf” in jail in 1920’s • built Nazi party on German dissatisfaction after WWI • won over elite and establishment • HATED communists

27. The Nazi State 1933-1945 • Building the Totalitarian Nazi State: • propaganda masters • Joseph Goebbels : Reich Minister of Propaganda • mass demonstrations • Book burnings • Kristallnacht • Leni Riefenstahl: • Movies of rallies, Olympia, Triumph of the Will

28. The Nazi State 1933-1945 • Rearmament of the military • SS control of police using terror based on Nazi ideology (secret police, camps, execution and extermination) • Churches and youth groups under state control

29. Joseph Stalin and Communist State ….“USSR” • 3rd to Lenin, had Trotsky murdered in Mexico • oppression of the masses • ownership of production and land by the state • forced rapid industrialization • Collectivizations/5 year plans • Great Purge (get rid of old Bolshevik officers)

30. Path to World War II • Germans want “living space” (lebensraum) • Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia • Munich Conference- BR. N. Chamberlain believed Hitler would not demand more: “Peace for our time” • APPEASEMENT • repudiated the Versailles Treaty-entered Rhineland • 1938 annexed Austria • Poland invasion Sept. 1, 1939 (GB and France declared war) • Blitzkrieg (fighting strategy)

31. Blitzkrieg- Lightening War • Poland surrendered in 4 weeks • Same speed took Denmark, Norway Belgium, Holland and France (south of Paris…”Vichy France”) • Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk • Importance of air war- bombing of England • Allied with Italy- took North Africa

32. Allied Offensive 1943-45 • Began in North Africa • The United States enter war in 1941 after Pearl Harbor attack (Dec. 7, 1941) • Normandy- June 6, 1944 largest invasion in history

33. The Holocaust- the “Final Solution” • Concentration Camps become extermination Camps (more than 100 of these) • Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over Europe (Denmark the exception) • Labor Camps-Arbeit Mach Frei (Work will set you free) • killed approx. 6 million • Another 9-10 million more (blacks, gypsies, homosexuals, mentally retarded, disabled and any political opposition……)

34. Pacific WarJapan, China , US GB • Japan had invaded and controlled much of China-- resisted by Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek • Dec 7, 1941- Bombs on Pearl Harbor • Economy- rationing- war machines built • Midway: puts Japanese on the defensive • MacArthur begins “island hopping” campaign to get closer to Japan

35. Making Plans for Peace • The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin • Locations: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman) • VE Day • Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan • Ended War = VJ Day • Churchill “An Iron curtain has descended in Europe” Beginning of the Cold War

36. “The Big Three” • Cairo (Nov. ‘43): How to deal with Japan and Asia after the war • Tehran(Nov. ‘43): try to form the United Nations • Yalta (Feb. ‘45): dividing up of Germany • United Nations • entry of Soviet forces into the Far-Eastern front (Japan) • the future of Poland

37. WHII.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the worldwide impact of World War II by….. • A: explaining economic and political causes, major events, and identifying leaders of the war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, George Marshall, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Hideki Tojo, and Hirohito;

38. What were the causes of World War II? What were the major events of World War II? Who were the major leaders of World War II? What were the causes of World War II? What were the major events of World War II? Who were the major leaders of World War II? What were the causes of World War II? What were the major events of World War II? Who were the major leaders of World War II? • 1. What were the causes of World War II? 2. What were the major events of World War II? 3. Who were the major leaders of World War II?

39. Economic and politicalcauses of World War II • “The Great Depression goes global” • Protective tariffs and retaliatory tariffs slow international TRADE! • Isolationist policies • Aggression by the totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy, Japan • Nationalism • Failures of the Treaty of Versailles • Weakness of the League of Nations • Appeasement • Tendencies towards isolationism and pacifism in Europe and the United States

40. Major events of the war (1939–1945) • German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939) • Fall of France • Battle of Britain • German invasion of the Soviet Union • Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor • D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe) • Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

41. Major leaders of the war • Franklin D. Roosevelt: U.S. president • Harry Truman: U.S. president after death of President Roosevelt • Dwight D. Eisenhower: US General and Allied commander in Europe • Douglas MacArthur: U.S. general • George C. Marshall: U.S. General, Chief of Staff ; Secretary of State/Marshall Plan • Chester Nimitz: US Admiral in the Pacific • George Patton: US General in N. Africa/Europe

42. Major leaders of the war • Winston Churchill: British prime minister • Joseph Stalin: Soviet dictator • Adolf Hitler: Nazi dictator of Germany • Hideki Tojo: Japanese general • Hirohito: Emperor of Japan • Benito Mussolini: fascist leader of Italy • Yamamoto: Japanese admiral

43. Outcomes of World War II • Loss of empires by European powers • Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United States and the U.S.S.R. • War crimes trials • Division of Europe, Iron Curtain • Establishment of the United Nations • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Marshall Plan • Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact

44. GENOCIDE Elements leading to the Holocaust Totalitarianism combined with nationalism History of anti-Semitism Defeat in World War I and economic depression blamed on German Jews Hitler’s belief in the master race Final solution: Extermination camps, gas chambers • The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

45. Other examples of genocide • Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire • Peasants, government and military leaders, and members of the elite in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin • Artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, minorities, and other educated individuals by Pol Pot in Cambodia • Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda ( to be continued in Unit 6)

46. GENOCIDE in Cambodia • Vietnam reunites in the 1973,…soon other nations in former “Indochina” had communist governments (Laos and Cambodia) • Pol Pot was leader of the Khmer Rouge: Cambodian communists who wanted to get rid of intellectuals and enemies of the regime

47. International Cooperative Organizations • United Nations • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Warsaw Pact

48. Efforts for reconstruction of Japan • United States occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration • Democracy and economic development • Elimination of Japan’s military offensive capabilities; guarantee of Japan’s security by the United States • Emergence of Japan as dominant economy in Asia

49. Efforts for reconstruction of Germany • Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin • Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers • Emergence of West Germany as economic power in postwar Europe

50. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights • Established and adopted by members of the United Nations • Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government