World History I (0-1500) Virginia SOL Curriculum

1. World History I (0-1500)Virginia SOL Curriculum Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry High School

2. AD v. BC • BC=before Christ • Dates go in reverse (ie. 255, 254, 253, etc) • AD=Anno Domini (in the year of our lord) • Dates go normally 200 100 0 100 200 BC AD

3. Pre-history—the time before writing • History—study of written records

4. Vocabulary—early Humans • Archaeologist • Study “stuff” (artifacts) left behind by early humans—ie. Pottery, tools, buildings, etc. • Anthropologist • Attempt to discover the origins of humanity • Hominid • Human like creature

5. Dating Artifacts (“stuff”) • “Stratography” • Artifacts location can tell relative age • Older artifacts are located deeper in the soil

6. Dating Artifacts (“stuff”) • Radio-carbon Dating • Can only be used for organic (once living) material • Measures the amount of Carbon 14 left in the material

7. The First Humans • November 30, 1974—Dr. Donald Johanson discovered “Lucy”—a nearly complete skeleton of a pre-historic female • She was bipedal—walked on 2 legs • Her discovery helped scientists in their studies for the origins of humans

9. Australopithecus • “Southern Ape”—not really human • Lived in humid forests of Africa about 4 million years ago • 31/2 to 4 feet tall • Bipedal • Small brain • Flat nose • Large teeth

10. Australopithecus • Africa’s climate changed about 3 million yea • The climate became cooler and drier • Tropical rainforests disappeared and were replaced by grassy plains • Australopithecus had to adapt or die out • Larger brained individuals survived

11. Large Brained Hominids • Classified by the Latin prefix Homo • Homo habilis • “Person with ability” • Homo erectus • “Person who walks upright” • Homo sapiens • “Person who thinks” • All people today are in this group

12. Homo habilis • Hunter-gatherers • Probably lived in trees • Developed very little speech

13. Lived on the ground Groups of 25-30 High death rates Life expectancy 20 years Nomadic hunter-gatherers Followed their food supply Females gathered fruits, nuts, and seeds Males looked for dead animals to scavenge—eww!! Homo erectus

14. Homo erectus • Harnessed fire • Cooking • heat • Moved into caves • Developed clothing from animal skins • Allowed Homo erectus to move to cooler places such as Europe and Asia • Began using real speech

15. Homo sapiens • The ultimate advancement of humanity—us • Two different groups of Homo sapiens developed • Neanderthal • Cro-Magnon

17. Homo sapiens--Neanderthal • Developed in Africa • 100,000 years ago spread to Eurpe and Asia • 5.5 feet tall • Large brains • Stocky bodies • Thick bones • Muscular necks and shoulders

18. Homo sapiens--Neanderthal • Hunter-gatherers • Used fire • Lived in caves • Learned to build shelters • From wood and animal skins • Buried their dead with tools and flowers

19. Homo sapiens—Cro-Magnon • First existed ca. 40,000 years ago • Looked like US • Appeared 1st in Asia • 35,000 Cro-Magnon replaced Neanderthal

20. Homo sapiens—Cro-Magnon • Known as “tool makers”—excellent tool making skills • Knife • Chisel • Bone fish hooks • Bone needles • Stone axe • Canoe—allowed for transportation and trade • Spear thrower • Bow and arrow

21. Homo sapiens—Cro-Magnon

22. Homo sapiens—Cro-Magnon • Created elaborate cave art • Created sculptures from ivory, stone, and jade

23. Migration Patterns • Homo sapiens’ larger brains allowed them to adapt and migrate all over the world • The major factor allowing for migration was the Ice Ages

24. Migration Patterns • Ice Ages • Earth has experience 4 ice ages between 2 million and 10,000 years ago • Earth’s temps. Fell, causing the polar ice caps to expand • Lots of water was need to create the ice—resulted in ocean levels dropping by 300 feet! • Falling ocean levels exposed land bridges between continents and other land masses • Between Japan and Korea • Between Great Britain and Western Europe • Between Asia and North America

25. Migration Patterns • Ice Ages • Land bridges allowed people to migrate into unoccupied lands • Moving to warmer places • Followed herds of animals

26. Neolithic Revolution • Definition—a 5,000 year period when people began to produce their own food through the domestication of crops and animals • The development of farming has been humanity’s most important accomplishment • Farming allowed humans to settle down and create civilizations

27. Neolithic Revolution • Before raising crops, nomadic humans began domesticated animals • Dogs—to aid in hunting • Goat—milk, meat, hides • Nomadic humans created new tools to help harvest (gather) wild crops • Sickle—to cut grasses and wild grains • Pottery—to carry harvested foliage

28. Neolithic Revolution • Crop domestication soon followed • Early agricultural villages developed near rivers or in river valleys • Different areas of the world grew different crops • Asia—rice • North/Central America—corn (maize) • Africa—bananas • South America—potatoes • Middle East—wheat and barley

29. Neolithic Revolution • Early farmers began domesticating more animals • Cattle • Pigs • Sheep • Chickens

30. Farming allowed early humans to produce more food, resulting in an increase in population Neolithic Revolution

31. Neolithic Revolution • Early farmers created new tools and techniques to help produce more food • Plow—pulled by oxen • Fertilizers • Ashes • Fish • manure • Irrigation

32. Neolithic Revolution • Specialization of labor and technological advancements developed when early humans produced a stable food supply • Loom invented—weaving of cloth • Wheel invented—transportation • Brick—better building material • Metal work—weapons, tools, jewelry • Calendars—planting and harvesting times • Religion

33. Neolithic Revolution • Artisans—craftsworkers—were needed to produce tools for farmers • Early man began to use bronze (alloy of copper and tin) for tools and weapons • Bronze was very expensive • Merchants were used to trade agricultural goods for copper or tin

34. Development of Cities • Early cities were structured in a way to protect the most important individuals • In the center—government and religious buildings • The priest lived in the religious building—he was the most important person • The government officials (ruling class) lived just outside the center • Outside the government officials lived the merchants • Outside the merchant lived the artisans • City outskirts—farmers, fishermen, and sailors

35. Creation of Writing • History begins when early humans developed ways to record their ideas—writing • Writing was invented by the early priests—to keep track of offerings to the gods • Started as marks and pictures for tangible items • Symbols were eventually created for sounds and abstract ideas