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Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6

Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6. Amino Acid. “ R ”. Amino Acids. Essential amino acids i.e. indispensable amino acids PVT. TIM HALL (or PVT. MAT HILL) Nonessential amino acids i.e. dispensable amino acids “Conditionally” essential amino acids. An Essential Amino Acid.

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Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6

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  1. Protein: Amino AcidsChapter 6

  2. Amino Acid “R”

  3. Amino Acids • Essential amino acids • i.e. indispensable amino acids • PVT. TIM HALL (or PVT. MAT HILL) • Nonessential amino acids • i.e. dispensable amino acids • “Conditionally” essential amino acids

  4. An Essential Amino Acid

  5. Nonessential Amino Acids

  6. Proteins Remember Condendation? • Dipeptide

  7. Tripeptide: Yes...it’s three of ‘em.

  8. Proteins • Polypeptide

  9. Proteins • Amino acid sequences • With 20 different amino acids you can say a lot!

  10. Protein shape and function

  11. Proteins • Protein denaturation • uncoiling • heat or acid hydrolysis. • loss of function

  12. Protein Digestion • Stomach • HCl activated pepsinogen (proteolytic enzyme) • Pepsinogen*  pepsin • Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins! *Proenzyme-an inactive form of enzyme!

  13. Protein Digestion • Small intestine • Proteases-more hydrolysis! • Intestinal and pancreatic • Peptidases

  14. Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

  15. Protein Absorption • Carriers • Capillaries • Absorption misconceptions • Enzyme/amino acid supplements

  16. Protein Synthesis • Sequencing errors

  17. Roles of Proteins • Building material • Growth • Maintenance

  18. Roles of Proteins • Enzymes

  19. Roles of Proteins • Hormones

  20. Roles of Proteins • Regulation of fluid balance • Edema • Acid-base regulation • Acidosis • Alkalosis

  21. Transport Proteins One of the most important proteins in your body! The Sodium-Potassium Pump in action!

  22. Roles of Proteins • Immunity • Antibodies • Antigens

  23. Protein Metabolism • Protein turnover • Amino acid pool • Nitrogen balance • Positive nitrogen balance • Negative nitrogen balance

  24. Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make proteins • Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

  25. Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make other compounds • Neurotransmitters

  26. Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids for energy and glucose • Deamination-removal of NH3 • Using amino acids to make fat

  27. Protein Quality • High-quality proteins • Digestibility • Animal (90%) vs. plant (70%) • Amino acid composition • Limiting amino acid

  28. Protein Quality • Reference protein • Complementary proteins

  29. Protein Quality • PDCAAS • Protein- digestibility-corrected-amino- acid-score

  30. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Acute PEM • Chronic PEM

  31. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Marasmus • Kwashiorkor • Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

  32. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Infections • Dysentery • Rehabilitation-can they recover?

  33. Health Effects • Heart disease • Cancer • Adult bone loss • osteoporosis

  34. Health Effects • Weight control • Kidney disease?

  35. Recommended Intakes Daily Value • 50 g protein • 10% of a 2000 kcal diet • RDA • 0.8 g/kg/day • 10% - 35% of energy intake

  36. Recommended Intakes • Adequate intake • Protein in abundance

  37. Supplements • Protein supplements • Amino acid supplements

  38. Vegetarian Diets

  39. Vegetarian Diets • Diet planning • Protein • Lacto-ovo-vegetarians • Meat replacements • Texturized vegetable protein-basically soybeans

  40. Vegetarian Diets • Vitamins and minerals • Lactovegetarians-easier to meet calcium/vit. D requirements • Vegans-supplements likely needed. • Omega-3 fatty acids also needed.

  41. Vegetarian Diets • Vegetarian diets through the life span • Pregnancy and lactation • Infancy • Childhood and adolescence

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