New Civilizations in the E. and W. Hemispheres

1. New Civilizations in the E. and W. Hemispheres • Early China(2000-221 B.C.E.) • Shang and Zhou • Nubia (3100 BCE-350 CE) • Olmec and Chavin (1200-250 BCE) AP World: Chapter 2

2. Shang Period(1750-1027 BCE) • The Shang originated along the Yellow River Valley in Eastern China. • Isolated from the rest of the Eastern Hemisphere by natural barriers including the Himalaya mountain range. • Note: The Xia dynasty was a dynasty that may have preceded the Shang, but they are believed to have been a myth.

3. CHINA Shang Himalayas

4. Sui, Tang and Song China

5. Shang Society • Shang society was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. • The king ruled the core area directly while aristocrats served as generals. • Frequent military campaigns provided the warrior aristocracy with a theatre for brave achievements and POWs that would become slaves.

6. Shang Ideology • Shang kingship glorified the king as the indispensible link between the people and the gods. • Shang rulers used divination to determine the will of the gods including ritual sacrifices. • Possession of bronze objects was a sign of authority and nobility.

7. Transregional Trade • Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. • What are some examples of how civilizations may have exchanged goods & ideas with other distant civilizations? • Among other reasons, the two most popular ways were: • Rivers – Traveling up and down rivers. • Nomads – Nomads would travel from city to city.

8. Chinese Dynasties • Shang Dynasty 1750 BCE - 1027 BCE • Zhou Dynasty 1027 BCE -221 BCE • Qin Dynasty 221 BCE - 206 BCE • Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 220AD • Later Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD • Period of Disunion 220 AD - 589 • Sui Dynasty 589 AD - 618 AD • Tang Dynasty 618 AD - 907 AD • Sung Dynasty 969 AD - 1279 AD • Yuan Dynasty 1279 AD - 1368 AD • Ming Dynasty 1368 AD - 1644 AD

9. A new dynasty comes to power. The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it moreefficient. Start here Emperor isdefeated !! Lives of common people improved;taxes reduced;farming encouraged. TheDynasticCycle Rebel bands findstrong leader whounites them.Attack the emperor. Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.) Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels& attack landlords. Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.Farming neglected. Droughts,floods,famines occur. Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

10. Zhou Period(1027-221 BCE) • After 6 dominating centuries, the Shang was finally defeated by the Zhou(Pronounced: Joe). • The Zhou preserved the essentials of Shang culture while adding new elements of philosophy and ideology.

11. What is philosophy? • Literally: a love for wisdom • Typically asks Questions like: • What is the purpose of life? • What is a good person like? • What is success? • What is truth? What is knowledge? • How should I act in a situation? • Often philosophy and religion overlap

12. Why did these philosophies develop? • War and social changes were disrupting everyday life • Government lacked control • These philosophies helped guide people and the government to a better life • Needed a way to “sell” the new Zhou regime to the people in a positive light.

13. Mandate of Heaven • The positive image of Zhou rule was carefully constructed. • The chief deity was now referred to as “Heaven”, the monarch was called the “Son of Heaven”, and his rule was called the “Mandate of Heaven”. • Principles: • Ruler was chosen and given the right to rule by Heaven. • only one Heaven so only one ruler in China. • Advantages:  • It gives the ruler supreme power politically and religiously • The Mandate of Heaven justifies rebellion as long as the rebellion is successful.

14. Legalism • The power and wealth of the state and its demands were justified by a new political philosophy known as Legalism. • Legalist thinkers maintained that human nature is naturally wicked and people only behavedif there were strict laws and punishments.

15. Confucianism • Confucius had a much more optimistic view on the basic goodness of human nature than that of Legalist thinkers. • He drew parallels between the family and the state. Just as a family had a hierarchy, so should the state. • 5 Relationships • Ruler to Subject • Parent to Child • Husband to Wife • Older Brother to Younger Brother • Friend to Friend

16. Confucianism • Confucianism descriptions • Morally good • Reasonable • Moderate – not extreme • Peace. Avoid violence • Polite, kind, helpful, and respectful • Best rulers are wise and lead by example • “Do not do to others what you do not want done to you.” • Confucianism became the dominant political philosophy and core of the educational system in China.

17. Daoism • Daoism thinkers looked to stop the warfare of the age by urging humanity to follow the Dao, or “path” • Daoists accept the world as they find it, avoiding useless struggles and sticking to the “path” of nature and avoid violence if at all possible. • Rather than fight the current of the stream, a wise man allows the onrushing waters to pass around him.

18. Daoism/Taoism • The teachings of the Way (Dao/Tao) • Laozi (604-517 BCE ) • AKA Lao Zi, Lao Tsu • Real person? • Legend? • Composite of both? • Urged people to leave behind empty formalities, rituals, hierarchies, etc of society

19. Yin and Yang • Negative and positive principles of the universe. • One cannot exist without the other • Not Opposites, but Complements • Male (Yang) was equated with the sun – active, bright, shining • Female (Yin) was equated with the moon – shaded, reflective, passive

20. MesoAmerican Civilization Olmec(1200 BCE – 400 CE)

21. Sui, Tang and Song China

22. Chavin Economy • Agriculturally based – • terraced farming, • different crops based on location and altitude • Lots of labor/workers necessary for transport of goods • Trade from different regions provided lots of different food to eat

23. Sui, Tang and Song China