Rome

1. Rome Mr. Forgie Room 126

2. Founding of Rome • Legendary date is April 21, 753 BCE • Legend Romulus and Remus twins sons of Mars founded the city after being rescued from the Tiber river by a she-wolf • For about 2.5 centuries the Etruscans ruled the city • As the Etruscans traded throughout the Mediterranean more people immigrated into Rome

3. Rome - Patricians • 509 BCE wealthy/powerful citizens drove out the Etruscan kings and declared Rome a republic • They kept the class system from the Etruscans and its class conflicts • Only 7-10% of the population (wealthy) were represented in the government • These Patricians were free men with hereditary, wealth or power

4. Rome-Plebeians • Plebeians were poor people without property or hereditary ties • They lacked property so they could not serve as officers in the military or in the government • Intermarriage was forbidden and they could not serve in any religious office • Plebeians had been somewhat protected by the Etruscan Kings – but that was gone

5. Class Conflict • The Struggle of the Orders broke out about 15 years after the republic was established • Lasted about 50 years (494-440 BCE) • Plebeians relied on their huge numbers to gain some form of representation • They refused to serve as foot soldiers which weakened Rome • In 451 BCE (10) Patricians codified some current customs into the “Law of the Twelve Tables”

6. Law of the Twelve Tables • These laws on Ivory actually hurt the plebeians because of the severity of punishment towards the poor. • Debtors were often sold into slavery • If you grazed your animals on land you did not own you were hung • Patricians slowly yielded under pressure from the plebeians and changed many of the laws

7. Tribunes • Finally the Patricians agreed to give the plebeians some representation in the Senate • Two tribunes were elected by the plebeians and they represented them in the Senate • They did have veto power so they were somewhat effective

8. Senate • Legislative and Consultative body • They elected a variety of low level Magistrates to administer Rome • Magistrates served for one year and then automatically became Senators • Senate decided policy but also nominated two Consuls (Executives) to govern all of the Roman Empire

9. Consuls • Consuls, Senators and Magistrates were elected by the Comitia Centuriata (Leaders of the Soldiers) • Once elected they served for one year • Initially only Patricians could be a consul • In 360 BCE the first Plebian Consul was elected • Later in the Empire consuls will begin taking power from the Senate/even appointing some Senators

10. Early Military • The early empire ruled by armed force • Patrician or Plebeian could be a military leader – but you had to provide your own arms – so usually only wealthy rose in the ranks • Units were divided into 100 men called centuries, which were led by Centurions • Centurions met to elect Senators, important magistrates and consuls

11. Ruling • All ruling (magistrates and consuls) was done in pairs • This allowed for a checks and balance and helped to avoid a return to the time of the single Etruscan King • Each consul had veto power over the other • In an emergency the Senate could appoint a dictator to serve for 6 months

12. Military Power • At first they copied the Greek Phalanx but then changed to small units with swords and javelins • They place young troops in front, more tested veterans in the middle and skilled veterans in the back • Early on it had no navy but it captured one from Carthage and copied it – then conquered Carthage • They also used catapults for battering city walls • They were patient and often used time to conquer

13. Expansion of the Republic • Rome established alliances with nearby city-states and then challenged the Etruscans • After a 6 year siege (396BCE) Rome capture Etruscan city of Veii • Continues to expand with a setback of being sacked by the Celtics in 264 BCE • Rome was now a society geared towards war and will expand for 140 years

14. Causes of the Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage • Carthage located 130 miles across the Mediterranean • Carthage was a major port for the Phoenicians and they controlled North-central coast of Africa and western Mediterranean • Carthage had a main trade route to Spain (Silver) and so they created ports and cities in Sardinia and Sicily (and one on Italy) to protect he route

15. Map of Rome/Carthage Area

16. First Punic War (Punici) • Fighting started in Sicily in 264 BCE and lasted until 241 BCE • Rome won and now controlled Sicily – five years later they will take Sardinia and Corsica • This is the first time Rome has provinces outside Italian Peninsula

17. Second Punic War • Spanish city of Saguntum wanted Carthage out and asked Rome for help • The Romans attacked and defeated by Hannibal (219 BCE) the war will last 20 years • Hannibal now went overland towards Rome • Took Troops/Elephants 1000 miles overland including the Alps destroying northern Roman territory and Rome's armies sent to stop him • Rome’s allies stayed loyal and Rome raised more armies

18. Second Punic War • Rome recaptured cities and launched a new attack in Spain • Hannibal marched south unable to take the city of Rome • After winning several victories in Spain 211-206 BCE Rome’s General Scipio invades Africa • Hannibal heads home to Carthage to stop him • Scipio will defeat Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202 BCE) and Carthage became a dependency of Rome • Scipio is renamed Scipio Africanus for his victory

19. New Wisdom • Policy of Brute Force • The City of Capua (Region of Campania) tried to rebel against Rome (allied with Hannibal) • Rome executes 70 of their Senators, imprisons 300 aristocrats and sold many of their citizens into slavery

20. Third Punic War • In 149 BCE Rome will respond with New Wisdom against Carthage when Carthage attacks An African ally King Masinissa of Numidia • This is the Third Punic war and lasts until 146 BCE • Rome will completely destroy Carthage – sow salt into the ground and then annex all of Carthage into the Roman Province of Africa

21. Rome Expands • After the second Punic War Rome attacks the Gaul's in Northern Italy and annexes their territory • It annexes Spain (province)in 197 BCE but treats them so bad they continually revolt • Rome completely destroys Spain in 133 BCE • They then attack Gaul in France and by 121 BCE they annex that area

22. Expansion – Eastern Mediterranean • After Alexander died his Kingdom was divided into 3 regional kingdoms • Two of the Kingdoms (Macedonia and Syria) controlled by the Seleucid dynasty threatened to attack the third – Egypt (Ptolemaic family) • To take advantage of this turmoil other Greek states asked Rome to intervene and free them from Macedon

23. Expansion (200 BCE) • King Phillip V rejects Rome's threats and Rome attacks and defeats him • Rome declares those city-states free but they really rule them • Rome then warns Antiochus III of Syria to stay out of Egypt and Europe – he ignores the warning and they take all his land and push him into Syria – making him pay indemnities

24. Expansion • 168 BCE the son of King Phillip V– Perseus tries to attack Egypt again and Rome defeats him ending the Macedonian monarchy • Greek city-state of Corinth tried to be too independent – even attacked some of Rome’s convoys • Rome uses “new wisdom” and razed the city, sold them into slavery and took their art to Rome • King of Pergamum (part of Asia Minor) bequeathed all of his land to Rome in 133 BCE

25. Expansion • Pompey the Great will add Syria, most of Asia Minor and Jerusalem about 63 BCE • He will all a Jewish King to rule Judea as a client-monarch • Pompey will use this type of indirect rule by local potentates throughout the east • Pompey will found about 40 cities to create a Roman political influence

26. Political Rule • Rome offered economic and social support to those it conquered. • It would also offer them various levels of Roman citizenship (Italian Peninsula) to induce residents to support and join its armies • In 91 BCE Marcus Livius Drusus the Younger was elected Tribune and wanted to give all Italian allies full citizenship – Senate rejects idea and Drusus is assassinated and War of the Allies begins (Social War)

27. Social War • After two years of fighting Rome offers full citizenship to those who remained loyal and those who stopped fighting • Citizenship began to be used as an inducement to loyalty • In annexed land aristocrats were offered partial citizenship

28. Social Structure • Patron-Client relationship = Strong men offered protection for the weak and the weak offered obedient and services • Patricians offered services to Plebeians (usually legal) the plebian would then pay patrons fines and fees and money for a daughters dowries • A client would present himself periodically to the patron and the patron would give the client a gift • This relationship was codified and a Patron who defrauded the client would be executed • This type of relationship was also characterized by Rome's imperial control over conquered provinces

29. Roman Family • Father of the family (paterfamilias)had the right of life and death over family members • He controlled occupations, who they married and economics possessions and maintained control even after a daughters marriage • Not a tyrant they were worried about child's well-being

30. Women • Women’s role was subordinate to men • Free from father after his death • Marriage was arranged • Motherhood was the most important thing • Freeborn women were free from legal control of by father/husband/guardian after bearing three children • Women should be faithful to “one man” • Women committing adultery could be executed – drinking wine could also be punished • Most of these rules applied only to the upper-class

31. Class Conflict • Imperialism resulted in the rich becoming richer • Small farmers who served in the army often returned home to find their farms sold for debt – they then lived impoverished in a city • The City of Rome reached 1 million by 1st century (CE) and class divisions were very great • Wealthy houses had bathrooms, were spacious and comfortable • Poor lived in unheated houses – no water – dirty –and overcrowded – typhus and fire killed many

32. Reforms for the Poor • The Gracchi brothers Tiberius and Gaius tried to protect the interests of the plebeians. • Tiberius wanted to give lands to returning soldiers so numerous Senators and their clients clubbed him to death in 133 BCE • Despite the murder redistribution of land did take place • In 123 BCE Gaius was elected tribune and lands from the Punic wars was distributed • He also gave bread doles to the poor

33. Social Reforms • Gaius was not sensitive to non-Italian poor • He allowed Roman knights to collect taxes from farmers in conquered areas • This allowed them to collect what they were suppose to for Rome and even more for themselves • He often auctioned off these tax collector positions • He and his fellow tribune was also assassinated in 121 BCE and 3000 of his supporters were executed • However the foundation for the end of the empire was laid (Challenge to the Senate)

34. Dealing with class conflicts • To keep the poor content Rome began the “bread and circuses” • They gave up to 200,000 poor/former soldiers a dole of bread each day • They also provided public religious activities, theater and gladiatorial contests of great cruelty • Public arenas could hold about half of Rome’s population • Hundreds of people and up to 5000 animals could be killed in a single day • Free food and gory spectacle kept the unemployed compliant

35. Slavery in Rome • Rome needed slaves for farming and to work mineral mines • They filled the need through conquest • Nine years of war conquering Gaul – Julius Caesar had made 500,000 Gaul's slaves • 25% of farm labor was slaves • About 400,000 of 1 million population of the city of Rome was slaves • On Roman proverb stated “Every slave we own is an enemy we harbor”

36. Slavery • Several revolts/wars occur • Sicily “Great slave war” 70,000 slaves revolt (134-131 BCE) • Sicily again 104-100 BCE • Spartacus Revolt (Gladiator) 73-71 BCE • Many revolts occurred when a foreign army invaded

37. End of the Republic • General Gaius Marius campaigned to become consul in 107 BC (served 7 times) • He recruited troops that did not own property and would be loyal to him • He gave soldiers land in foreign areas • Now the Armies were dependent on him and not the state • But there was another General named Sulla that also had power

38. Civil War • Rome needed to fight King of Pontus and decides to send Sulla • Marius wants the glory and transfers the assignment to himself • Sulla gets mad and attacks Rome (83-82) • Sulla takes control of Rome and declares Marius an outlaw and then heads to Greece • Marius not to be outdone joined with another General and seizes control of Rome

39. Civil War • Sulla-after beating the King in Greece he returns to Rome takes control and declares himself dictator – keeps control for 2 years and then steps down • Twenty years later Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form a triumvirate (alliance of three) • The three competed until Caesars takes control from the other two

40. Julius Caesar • Born about 100 BCE Caesar had been married to Cornelia, because she was the daughter of Cinna who was Sulla’s enemy • Caesar refused and fled to the Greek Islands and studied philosophy – he returns years later after he was pardoned • Elected magistrate of public games 65 BC he often spent his own money • Elected Chief Priest in 65 BCE • Elected Consul in 59 BCE • Used strong arm tactics to intimidate the Senate and the other Consul

41. Caesar as a General • After consul (58 BCE) he would take a military force into Gaul • After nine years he has conquered all of Gaul – crossed the Rhine to threaten the Germanic tribes – invaded Britain twice • Returns to Rome rules under triumvirate – until Crassus dies • Pompey dies Pompey dies in Egypt

42. Caesar Dies • Caesar rules alone until killed in 44 BCE • Had formed Julian Calendar • Extends citizenship • Reorganizes City Government • Caesar selected his sisters grandson to replace him – Gaius Octavian (63-14CE) • Later called Octavian • He avenged Caesars death – killed 300 Senators

43. Octavian • To avert Civil War Octavian had his sister marry Mark Anthony • In 36 BC Anthony divorces Octavia and marries Cleopatra – but he jointly rules Egypt with her – against the law • Octavian will defeat Anthony/Cleopatra at Actium • Annexes all of Egypt and keeps treasury for himself • By 27 BCE a grateful Senate gives him the title of Augustus (Sacred or Venerable) • He will rule Rome as emperor for 56 years until he dies in 14 CE he was Princep (First Citizen) • This is the Golden Age of Rome – Art – Roads - Literature

44. Under Augustus (Pax Romano) • Rome became more conservative • Marriage became more equal for the wives • Military became a profession • Roman Empire expands • Annexes Bavaria and Switzerland • Military took control of the government • Failed to conquer central Germany but failed • Built many outposts and cities connected by 50,000 miles of 1st class roads and 200,000 miles of lesser roads

45. Expansion continued • 40 CE Rome conquers Wales and England and it becomes Britain • Emperor Trajan takes Romania • Hadrian consolidates the Empire – withdraws from Mesopotamia and builds a wall in Britain

46. Economic Trade • Imperial rule and markets developed and created profit in the provinces • Romans levied taxes and tributes and recruited soldiers from conquered lands • Settled their soldiers on foreign lands • Exploited their political power on provinces • Many Romans thought the empire had lost its soul

47. Sustaining Rome • The city required huge amounts of grain- Egypt, Sicily , North Africa and Spain • Leather-France, Pottery-Rhineland, Wool-England • To administer military/administrative cities needed – London, Paris, Barcelona etc • People of wealth wanted luxury items – required the trade routes to be secure-this was added during the PaxRomana or Roman Peace (27 BC to 180 AD)

48. Stoicism • Philosophy borrowed from Greeks (est by Zeno) • World is rational, well ordered and coherent system • Accept without joy or sadness everything that happens

49. Religion in Imperial Rome • Officially Rome celebrated a religion centralized on the person of emperor-god • Augustus had rebuilt temples and encouraged worship of ancestral gods-Jupiter, Juno and Minerva • Augustus was deified and animal sacrifices were made to him • For the most part as long as a person venerated the emperor and backed the state diverse religious practices were allowed

50. Mystery Religions • Rituals of initiation that defied rational understanding-orgies, baptisms, dramtic rituals • Mithraism was one such religion- worshiped the Persian sun god Mithras as a mediator between god and man – popular with the military • Rome would not tolerate sects that challenged authority of the empire i.e. Judaism