Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

1. Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Structure and function: different parts of the brain control different functions.

2. The frontal Lobe

3. The frontal Lobe • Primary motor cortex – movement • Broca’s area speech production • Forward area association judging planning initiative • Expression of characteristics associated with personality and emotional behaviour • (The motor is in the front of the car Broca’ is driving)

4. The frontal Lobe as a car?

5. Phineas gage – frontal lobe damage • September 13, 1848, 25-year-old Railway foreman • Packing gun powder into a hole with a steel pole to blow up rock • Sparks from the pole ignite the gun powder and send the pole under gage’s cheek and out the top of his head • Before the accident he was well liked, organised, calm and polite

8. Phineas gage – frontal lobe damage • After the accident Phineas suffered severe personality changes • Became impulsive, aggressive, disorganised • Could not continue his work as foreman • Appeared for a time at Barnum's American Museum in New York • February 1860, Gage had the first in a series of increasingly severe convulsions • died in or nearSan Francisco on May 21 — just under twelve years after his accident • Gage’s case along with others suggest the frontal lobes important role in emotion and personality, planning and initiative

10. The Parietal lobe

11. The Parietal lobe • Primary Somatosensory cortex • Receives info from senses • Somatosensory cortex at front of temporal lobe next to primary motor cortex which is at the back of the frontal lobe • (The party lobe, your senses are going wild at a party)

12. The Parietal lobe – on fire at a party?

13. Motor and Sensory Cortex organisation

14. The homunculus man

15. The temporal Lobe

16. The temporal Lobe • Primary auditory area • Wernicke’sarea speech comprehension • Primarily associated with hearing • Also important role in memory • Decisions made about which features of environment we will remember • Facial recognition also performed in temporal lobe • (Temporal sounds like tempo, the tempo of the music)

17. The Primary Auditory Cortex • Resides in each temporal lobe • Receives and processes sounds from both ears • Each primary auditory cortex has specialised areas of sound and thus play vital roles in the identification of sounds • Two main features of sound: frequency (perceived as pitch) and amplitude or intensity (perceived as loudness). • Each primary auditory cortex is also specialised to process different types of sound. Verbal sounds (e.g. words) in the left hemisphere and non-verbal sounds (e.g. Music) processed in the right hemisphere. BUT there is some overlap, this is not exclusive!

18. Temporal Lobe Association Areas • Located in each temporal lobe • Different association areas appear to be involved in memory (including linking emotions with memory and determining appropriate emotional responses to sensory info and memories) • Amnesia (partial or complete loss of memory) often occurs in people with damage to either or both temporal lobes. • Receiving, processing and storing of facts (semantic memories) how to do things (procedural memories) and personal experiences such as birthdays or holidays (episodic memories) appear to occur in areas of the temporal lobes. • Object identification and facial recognition are also involved, thus perception and memory to make decisions about our environmental features is an important role of the temporal lobe.. However, perception and memory are not exclusive to one area of the brain but involve many interconnected areas.

19. WERNICKE’S AREA

20. The temporal Lobe as a drummer?

21. Deep within the temporal lobe- the amygdala

22. Deep within the Temporal lobe – the hippocampus • Memory formation – not memory storage • Damage leaves patient unable to form new long term memories • The hippocampus lives on memory lane

23. Deep within the temporal lobe- the amygdala • Mediation of fear • Seizures involving the amygdala involve intense fear • Damage leaves a person unable to learn a fear response through classical conditioning • Involved in remembering the emotional significance of an event • Damage leaves us unable to judge emotional component of facial expressions in others – i.e. angry person perceived as calm or even happy

24. The Occipital Lobe

25. The Occipital Lobe • Primary visual area • Visual cortex at bottom of occipital lobe • Other areas visual association areas – identifying objects etc. • (Occipital sounds like optical, optical relates to vision)

26. OCCIPITAL LOBE • Located at rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere • Almost exclusively devoted to the sense of vision • Damage can produce blindness even if eyes and neural connections to brain are normal • Some areas in other 3 lobes also have important visual functions • Divided into many different visual areas - the largest being the primary visual cortex (at the base of the occipital lobe).

27. OCCIPITAL LOBE • Information arrives at PVC via visual sensory receptors (“photoreceptors”) on the retina at the back of each eye. • Each hemisphere receives and processes half of visual information. Left half of each eye receives visual sensory information from right half of visual field and sends info to left occipital lobe and vice versa. • Neurons in the PVC and surrounding “secondary” visual areas specialise in responding to different visual features e.g. Orientation (direction) of a line, edges, shapes (forms), motion and colour. Some neurons respond to one feature only, others to two or more features.

28. OCCIPITAL LOBE ASSOCIATION AREAS • Have important roles in vision. • They interact with PVC to select, organise and integrate visual information. • They interact with association areas of other lobes to integrate visual information with other information (e.g. Memory, language, sounds), so that visual information can be organised and interpreted in a meaningful way.

29. The Occipital Lobe as an eye? THE EYES IN THE BACK OF YOUR HEAD!

30. MAKE A BRAIN BALL!