Planning and Implementation of Rural Community Development in Korea

1. Planning and Implementationof Rural Community Development in Korea July 2014 Sang Bong Im Rural Research Institute, KRC

6. Korean War (1950~1953)

13. 26,205 Per Capita (US$) GNI 11,432 10,000 6 Five-Year-Economic- Development Plans 7,355 5,000 Financial Crisis Liberation from Japanese Colonial Rule 1,000(1977) OECD Member 100(1964) 87 67 1945 1953 1962 1970 1980 1990 1995 1998 2013 Transformation of the Korean Economy (1945~2013) A. Growth Trend

14. B. Changes in Industrial Structure Changes in Employment Structure Changes in GDP Structure Service Sector Agriculture / Fisheries Service Sector Agriculture / Fisheries 1960 36.8 47.3 Manufacturing 15.9 Manufacturing Agriculture / Fisheries Agriculture / Fisheries 2005 Manufacturing Manufacturing Service Sector Service Sector

15. Rural Communities in 1960s One of Least Developed Countries in the World GNP/Capita: US$ 87 in 1962 Poor Infrastructure • Car accessible villages: 60% • Electricity accessible villages: 20% • Repeated natural disasters • Low agricultural productivity Rural poverty ratio in 1967: 34% in absolute term. Rural Development was an urgent Issue for poverty alleviation and for reduction of income disparity (social instability).

16. Community Development Program in Korea Introduced CD Program in 1958 • Pilot Villages: 818 villages in 1960s • Agricultural Production • Infrastructure Development & Housing • Education, Healthcare, Nutrition …etc. • But, not put down roots successfully in Korea • Introduced Saemaul Undong program in 1971

18. Traditional Peasant Society • - Seasonality of labor: Drinking & Gambling • - Resistance to change (chance) • * Fatalism

19. Rostow’s Stages of Econ. Growth • The Traditional Society • The Precondition for Take-off • - Agrarian reform • - Agricultural productivity • - Urban expansion • The Take-off • The Drive to Maturity • The Age of High Mass-Consumption

21. Chronology of Dev’t Policy 1945 1950 1970 1995 |---|-|---|----|----|----|----|--- 1948 1962 1978 2000-

22. Types of rural development • - Poverty reduction/eradication: Agrl productivity (HYVs) • - Income increase: cash crops • - Living envt improvement: Housing, roof, roads, bridges, etc • - Industrialization: urban/rural

24. Nat’l Dev’t Strategy: Export- and Urban-Oriented • Escape from Absolute Poverty in Rural Areas • - Decrease of rural population • (50.2%(’70) →43.3%(’80)) ’05 (19%) • - Increase of agricultural productivity: • 289kg/10a(’65) →503kg(’75), 504kg(’80) • - Agricultural product price support policy • Rural Problems Encountered • - Widened dev’t gap between urban & rural areas • - Aging rural population • - Low viability of rural communities

25. Saemaul Undong: New Village Movement • Derived from Community Operational Mechanism • Village community is an autonomous body • Village Community is a social organization • Community leadership • Various social organizations • People identify problems & needs of • community • Solve problems in the way of self-help • and cooperation

26. Initiation of Saemaul Undong: 1971 Distribute 350 bags of cements & ½ ton of steels to each rural village through out the country Ask to do with these materials what community people want for common purpose Induced motivation/development needs/ participation/mobilization/empowerment Government provided supporting measures :Training, financial & administrative support/technical support

27. Saemaul Logo

28. Before & After of Saemaul Projects

29. Improved roofs, fences, roads..

31. Constructed bridge, changed village

34. SU Performance: 1972~1981 • Total US$ 7,203.2 Million Invested • Government invested 51% • Community people invested 49% • - 64,686km of rural road were developed • - 6,187km of rural road paved • - 82,596 new bridges were built • - 39,231 community halls were built • - 258,000 houses were newly built • - 3,047 villages were reconstructed • International communities have questions • “Why people participated in SU so enthusiastically?” • ---Communication, Competition, Commitment

35. Saemaul Undong: New Village MovementA Definition: A Rural Community Development Movement - Betterment of Living Conditions through Income, Infrastructure, Living Environment, and Community Building in the Ways of Self-help and Cooperation under the Government Sponsorship

36. Immediate goals Improving living condition of individuals in the way of self-help and cooperation with community resources & outside support Goals • Ultimate goal • Building a better and sound community by community people • Building a strong nation

37. Dimensions Income Increase Self-help & Cooperation Improve Living Environments Infrastructure Building Spiritual Enlightenment & Social Interaction

38. Village Community as Development Unit Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach Integrated Approach Comprehensive Approach More Support for the Better Performance Two tier Change Agents Strategies

39. Village as a Community (closed community) Social interaction & common ties Administrative unit Planning & Development unit Changing the Role of People :from consumers or clients to ‘co-producer’ of public services 1. Village Community as Development Unit

40. 2. Bottom-upApproach Bottom - Up Approach (The Continuity of Development Process) (People’s Participation based on Community Autonomy) Village Community Felt Needs for Development Develop Projects By Village People Implementation The SU • - Economic Affordability • - People’s Empowerment • Leadership • Social Organizations • Social Norms for Cooperation and Self-help

41. Government Initiating Bottom-up Approach Top-Down Approach Supporting Measure (Subsidy, Training, Supervising) Induce Felt Needs, Providing Motivation for getting sustainability Community-based Bottom - Up Approach (The Continuity of Development Process) (People’s Participation & Empowerment based on Community Autonomy) Village Community Implementation The SMU Felt Needs for Development Develop Projects By Village People

42. 3. Integrated Approach National Policy for the SMU Program Supporting Measure (Financial, Training, R&D Administrative Support, Institutional Renovation) SMU Action Plan (Community Level) (Horizontal and vertical integration)

43. Dual price policy for guaranteeing income Agricultural income increase policy Side job income increase policy Rural industrialization policy R&D and agricultural extension program Agricultural cooperative fostering policy Farm mechanization policy Agricultural infrastructure development policy Rural education, med-care policy National Policy for Supporting SU Programthe Case of Korea

44. 4. Comprehensive Approach at the Micro Level SU Program (horizontal integration) Agriculture development  Non-agriculture development  Agricultural Production Infrastructure  Social Infrastructure  Housing  Building Community Center/Credit Union  Community Beautification  House Cleaning & Beautification  Renovation of Community Institutions  Vitalization of Community Festivals  Supporting Youth Activities  Drinking Water Supply  Kitchen Improvement  Toilet/ Bathroom Improvement Income Generation Infrastructure Building Community Building SU Socio-Cultural Development Health & Sanitation

45. Support more for the better performed community Reward villages leaders for the success Increase subsidy for the better performance: electrification, cash. Road, etc Small repeated success & Follow-up program: re-enforce mechanism Reduce subsidy for poor performance and let them bench marking the successful villages (market conforming) Continuous support until the community reaches to the level of self-reliance & empowerment 5. More Support for the Better Performance

46. 6. Change Agents and Good Partnership (Vertical Integration) Government Authority (State & Local) Saemaul Leader (village leader) Local Government Officers Village Community (Two Tire system)

47. Saemaul leader as Change Agent • Personal satisfaction of Saemaul leader - respect from community - learning and training with big figures - rivalry among Saemaul leaders • Positive Motivation & Commitment • Continued Training and Support • Shared Vision • Changing Role of Women

48. Implementation Process Government Policy (Subsidy, Guideline) Village Community Felt/Induced Needs for Development Setting Priority of Development Organization of Village Development Committee Project Formulation & Goal Setting (5-Year Development Plan) Change Agents (Supervising, Training & Extension Service) Project Approval & Implementation Evaluation and Feedback

49. Based on Community Operational Mechanism Government initiating & supporting measures motivate people to participate Government supporting policies facilitated micro community development programs Government guidelines guaranteed community autonomy Community initiative and empowerment for action plan formulation Partnership between Local government & community Process of Capacity Building and Leadership Contributed to the sustainable community development & modernization of the nation through attaining can do spirits Implications of SU

50. Vision - The Lamp of the East / Tagore (1929) * Nobel prize winner in literature(1913) - Revitalized rural communities, harmonized with the developed country