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Evolution of English Constitutional Monarchy

Explore the development of English constitutional monarchy from Magna Carta to the Civil War and the Interregnum period, highlighting key events and conflicts with Parliament. Learn about the power struggles of monarchs like James I and Charles I and the impact on English society.

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Evolution of English Constitutional Monarchy

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  1. EnglishConstitutionalMonarchy Ms. Snyder (Culver City High School) Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

  2. Background (1215-1603)

  3. Magna Carta, 1215 • A list of demands made by the nobility. • CONTRACT • Established principles which limited the power of the king: • Established basic legal rights. • The king must ask for consent for taxes. • “Rule of Law” • Accused must have jury trial.-Due Process

  4. Model Parliament, 1295 • King Edward I • Military leaders & nobility together = Parliament to ask their consent to new taxes. • “Power of the purse.”

  5. The Elizabethan “Bargain” • Parliament: • Power to tax. • Can debate and amend disputed bills. • The Monarch: • Royal prerogative [right/choice] on foreign policy.

  6. English Society by Transformed1600 • Nobility no longer play vital military role • Increasing gentry (wealthy landowners) • Nobility losing authority in government • House of Commons near = to House of Lords

  7. TheEarly Stuarts (1603-1649)

  8. The Stuart Monarchy

  9. James I [r. 1603-1625] James I’s speech to the House of Commons: I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!

  10. James I [r. 1603-1625] • Wanted absolute power. • Alienated a Parliament grown accustomed to“balance polity.”

  11. James I [r. 1603-1625] • Problems he faced: • Large royal debt. • Believed in Divine Right of Kings. • Clashed with Parliament • He raised money without Parliament’s consent!

  12. James I [r. 1603-1625] Religious Problems • He alienated the Puritans by his strong defense of the Anglican Church. • Threatened to drive Puritans from England 

  13. “Holy Commonwealth” In September 1620 a small group of Puritans went to the New World because of constant persecution! “The Pilgrims”

  14. Gunpowder Plot, 1605 • An attempt by some Catholics to kill King James I • Blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. Guy Fawkes

  15. “Speeches to Parliament”1609-1610 • Laid down claim to rule by Divine Right. • By 1611, James had enough of Parliament • Ruled by himself until 1621

  16. Charles I [r. 1625-1649] • Pro-ceremonies and rituals. • Uniformity of church services imposed by a church court. • Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England AND Scotland.

  17. Belief in Divine Right • Seen as too pro-Catholic and too anti-Puritan by the Puritans.

  18. Many Types of Puritans • All were Calvinist • Believed in predestination and need to purify the Church

  19. Charles I & Parliament • Constantly at war with Spain and France. • Always need £/$, but how to get it??

  20. Charles I & Parliament • Periodically, Parliament would deny funds. • In return, Charles would dissolve Parliament and try to rule England without it  find funds in other ways. • Forced “loans,” selling aristocratic titles, “ship money”, etc…

  21. Ship Money Assessments, 1636[per square mile] • A medieval tax for coastal cities for defense. • Charles applied them to inland counties as well.

  22. The Petition of Rights, 1628 • No imprisonment without due cause. • No taxation without Parliament’s consent. • No putting soldiers in private homes. • No martial law during peacetime.

  23. The Petition of Rights, 1628 • Charles signed it, and then ignored it, dissolving Parliament!

  24. The “Short” Parliament • Calls Parliament into session in 1640 • Charles dismisses them after 3 weeks. Charles I by Van Dyck (1633)

  25. The “Long” Parliament • Technically in session from 1640 to 1660. • Triennial Act passed  Parliament must be called in session at least once every 3 yrs. • Parliament can’t be adjourned without its own consent!

  26. Grand Remonstrance • Parliament led by John Pym • Outlined evils of Charles’s rule

  27. Charles and Parliament • January 1642 Charles I attempts to arrest 5 members of Parliament

  28. The Civil War (1642-1649)

  29. Civil War (1642-1649) Royalists(Cavaliers) Parliamentarians(Roundheads) • House of Lords • N & W England • Aristocracy • Large landowners • Church officials • More rural • House of Commons • S & E England • Puritans • Merchants • Townspeople • More urban

  30. Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658] • Officer of the Parliamentary army [cavalry]  the New Model Army. • Led the army that defeated royal forces and now controlled the government.

  31. The Interregnum (1649-1660)

  32. The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660] • The Commonwealth (1649-1653) • The Protectorate (1654-1660)

  33. Pride’s Purge, 1648 • Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates [anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy]. • The results is the “Rump” Parliament.

  34. Regicide  Beheading of Charles I, 1649 • The vote by the Rump Parliament was 68-67.

  35. The Puritan Commonwealth [1649-1653] • Constitutional Republic • Created a constitution  Instrument of Government • An executive [Cromwell] • A Council of State  annually elected the committee of Parliament. • No monarch. • Europe is appalled  other nations don’t recognize it.

  36. Cromwell Dissolves the “Rump” Parliament in 1653

  37. The Protectorate [1653-1660] • Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution. • Dismisses the Rump Parliament and rules with the support of the military. • Declares martial law. • Military dictator. • Religious tolerance for all [esp. for Jews], except for Catholics. • Crushes a rebellion in Scotland. • Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland  kills 40% of all ethnic Irish!

  38. The Restoration (1660-1688) Parliament could no more exist without the Crown than the Crown without Parliament.This was the most important lesson of the English Civil War!

  39. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Puritan Republic. • Favored religious toleration. • Had secret Catholic sympathies.

  40. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • 1661  “Cavalier” Parliament [filled with Royalists] • Disbanded the Puritan army. • Pardoned most Puritan rebels. • Restored the authority of the Church of England. • 1662  Clarendon Code [Act of Uniformity] • All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. • It forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities.

  41. Great London Plague, 1665

  42. Great London Fire, 1666

  43. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • 1673  Test Act • Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions.[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were considered “radicals” and the Catholics were seen as “traitors!”] • 1679  Habeas Corpus Act • Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.

  44. Charles II’s Foreign Policy 1665 – 1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War • To Charles II, Louis XIV is an ideal ally against the Dutch. • 1670  Treaty of Dover

  45. King James II [r. 1685-1688] • Was a convert to Catholicism • Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding!

  46. King James II [r. 1685-1688] • Catholics in High Command army and navy. • Standing army a fewmiles outside of London. • Catholic advisors • Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament. • 1687  Declaration of Liberty of Conscience • He extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval or support.

  47. The GloriousRevolution 1688

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