The Skeletal System

1. The Skeletal System

2. Anatomical defintions

3. Bone Classifications Bones can vary in size and shape based upon the function that they serve within the body. These are: • Long Bones • Short Bones • Sesamoid Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones

4. Long Bones • Consist of a long shaft covered by hard bone around a hollow centre which contains yellow marrow • The two ends contain spongy bone and red marrow

5. Long Bones • These bones are light but verystrong, and are the major weight- bearing bones of the body ie: The Femur in the thigh

6. Short Bones • These bones are chunky, compact bones that are strong and reinforced by thickening of the bone tissue. • They contain spongy bone and allowa variety of movements at joints EG: Carpals in the hand

7. Flat Bones • These bones are made up of two strong layers of spongy bone. • They give protection to organs beneath them and allow for large areas of muscle attachment EG: The Scapula (Shoulder Blade)

8. Irregular Bones • These bones are made up of a thin layer of compact bone containing a mass of spongy bone • Irregular bones are reinforced where extra strength is required EG: Vertebrae

9. Sesamoid Bones • These are small bones that are located within the tendons of some joints. ie: the Patella

10. Developing Bones A baby’s bones contain cartilage, a tough, strong tissue is not as hard as bone. Cartilage is more flexible and tends to bend a little without breaking **Check the end of your nose**

11. Developing Bones • As the child grows this cartilage is replaced by bone, becoming harder and less flexible • Therefore it is easier for a teenager to break a bone than it is for a child. Note: If the bone is flexible it will bend under strain before snapping!

12. Developing Bones • Bone cells are constantly replaced throughout our lives. • During our growth spurt in puberty our bones grow longer, stronger and heavier

13. Peak Bone Mass = The formation of mineral deposits and compact bone that helps give maximum strength to bone Developing Bones

14. Osteoporosis = A condition which results in loss of bone mass and strength, making bones more fragile and likely to break or fracture Developing Bones

15. SHORT BONE GROWTH • The outside of a short bone is formed by cartilage. The cartilage grows until the final shape of the bone is formed. • Meanwhile the bone ossifies (hardens into bone) from the inside outwards. Eventually all cartilage is ossified, and growth is complete.

16. LONG BONE GROWTH Two growth processes responsible for bone development. First process: • OSTEOBLASTS (bone builders) – add bone to the outside surface, enlarging and elongating the bone. • OSTEOCLASTS (bone eaters) – tunnel out the marrow cavity and internal spaces (these work at the same time as osteoblasts.)

17. Long bone growth Second process (greatest growth occurs): • EPIPHYSEAL PLATES (growth plates) found at either end of the bone where the shaft (diaphysis) meets the head or base (epiphysis). These growth plates are made of cartilage cells which multiply rapidly and the outside cells ossify, increasing the length of the shaft.

19. GROWTH HORMONE (GH) • GH - Responsible for most growth changes occurring. • Produced by the pituitary gland, at the base of the brain. • Growth Hormone: (1) stimulates the epiphyseal plates to expand and form bone (2) increase protein uptake by the muscles, therefore increasing muscle growth

20. FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH • Basic control of growth is genetic • Starvation and Malnutrition can delay growth spurt • Major illness slow down growth • Regular exercise has many growth benefits • Aerobic exercise also increases the size and efficiency of the heart, blood and lungs. However, repetitive long distance training for marathons or triathlons may damage epiphyseal plates.