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The Five Kingdoms and the Binomial System of Nomenclature

The Five Kingdoms and the Binomial System of Nomenclature. Fred Searcy Biology. Why Study Evolution?. Understand relationship of one organism to another Taxonomy Science or arranging and naming life forms into some order Two types of taxonomic systems Artificial Natural.

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The Five Kingdoms and the Binomial System of Nomenclature

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  1. The Five Kingdoms and the Binomial System of Nomenclature Fred Searcy Biology

  2. Why Study Evolution? • Understand relationship of one organism to another • Taxonomy • Science or arranging and naming life forms into some order • Two types of taxonomic systems • Artificial • Natural

  3. Artificial vs Natural • Artifical • Gross morphological and anatomical characteristics • Natural • Gross morphological and anatomical characteristics as wells as • Evolutionary history utilizing • Biochemical analysis • DNA analysis

  4. System of Binomial Nomenclature • John Ray (1628-1705) Zoologist • Both plant and animal traits

  5. System of Binomial Nomenclature • Carl von Linné (1707-1778) • Common names • Genus and species • e.g.Canis domesticus

  6. Major Taxa • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  7. Humans • Kingdom - Animalia • Phylum - Chordata • Class - Mammalia • Order - Primates • Family - Hominideae • Genus - Homo (Homo) • Species - sapiens (sapiens) • Subspecies - sapiens

  8. Five Kingdoms • Animalia • Plantae • Fungi • Protista • Monera

  9. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotic • multicellular • heterotrophic • no cell walls

  10. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Autotrophic • Cell walls composed of cellulose

  11. Kingdom Fungi(Mushrooms and Toadstools) • Eukaryotic • Unicellular or multicellular • Heterotrophic • Cell walls composed of chitin

  12. Kingdom Protista(Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium) • Eukaryotic • Unicellular or colonial • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Cell wall may or may not be present

  13. Kingdom Monera(bacteria, cyanobacteria) • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Cell wall composed of murein

  14. Early Earth and the Origin of Life • Geology and biology are intimately intertwined • formation and breakup of Pangaea has significantly affected diversity • evolution of photosynthetic organisms to release oxygen has affected atmosphere • humans have had significant effect on the planet

  15. Early Earth • Gaia hypothesis (earth goddess) assumes biotic and abiotic together make up an interlocked ecosystem • proposed by Lovelock and Margulis • Key junctures in evolution have punctuated history of biological diversity • Earth history and biological history have been episodic

  16. Origin of Life • Our picture of evolution of life begins with the simple and moves (basically) toward the complex • Problem was lack of fossils in Precambrian during Darwin’s time • Today, evidence suggest life evolved around 3.5-4.0 billion years ago (earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago)

  17. Origin of Life • Spontaneous generation • A. I. Oparin (Russia) and J.B.S. Haldane (England) 1920’s theorized earth’s primitive conditions favored chemical synthesis of organic compounds

  18. Earth’s Early Atmosphere • No oxygen (no plants for photosynthesis) • strong oxidizing atmosphere (oxygen) not conducive to spontaneous synthesis or organics • reducing atmosphere • lightning • uv radiation

  19. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey1953 • Early atmosphere theorized to have H2O, H2, CH4, and NH3 • abiotic synthesis of organic molecules, including amino acids • today, we say CO, CO2, and N2 • all 20 amino acids, several sugars, lipids, purine and pyrimidine bases, and ATP have been synthesized.

  20. Protobionts • Aggregates of abiotic molecules not capable of reproduction but can maintain internal chemical environment different from surroundings; exhibits excitability, metabolism • produced spontaneously from organic compounds

  21. Microspheres • Proteinoids that self-assemble into tiny droplets called microspheres • undergo osmotic swelling and shrinking • store energy via membrane potential

  22. Liposomes • Form spontaneously when organic ingredients include certain lipids • organize into a bilayer, much like cell membrane

  23. Coacervates • Colloidal droplets that form when a solution of • polypeptides • nucleic acids • polysaccharides is shaken • add enzymes, these are taken in by coacervates • they function as miniature chemical factories

  24. Origin of Genetic Information • From protobionts • splitting of protobionts • DNA or RNA world? • RNA self-replication? • Ribozymes • remove introns from RNA, catalyze the synthesis of new RNA (autocatalytic)

  25. The Case for RNA • RNA single stranded, DNA double stranded • RNA can assume a variety of specific 3-dimensional shapes (thus it has genotype) • RNA molecules of certain base sequences are more stable and replicate faster with fewer errors than other RNA sequences

  26. Pansperma • Some organic compounds could reach earth from space via meteorites and comets

  27. Stromatolites • Rock formations similar to layered mats constructed by colonies of bacteria and cyanobacteria today in salt marshes • contain fossils resembling spherical and filamentous prokaryotes

  28. Harold Urey

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