THE FIVE KINGDOMS

1. THE FIVE KINGDOMS

2. Bacteria

3. Introduction to Bacteria • 2 TYPES OF BACTERIA: • Bacteria • -Get food from an outside source • Blue-green Bacteria • -Make their own food

4. BACTERIA • Bacteria -small one celled monerans • Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: • -water -air • -soil -food • -skin -inside the body • -on most objects

5. 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped:bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci

6. Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla) 3 Shapes of Bacteria

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eykaryotic

8. Facts about Bacteria…………. • Prokaryotes • There are more bacteria living in your mouth than there are people living on Earth…Yikes! • 3 shapes: spherical, spiral, rod-like • Flagellum: helps with movement, like a propeller (not all bacteria have flagellum) • Archaebacteria: live in extreme environments i.e. hot springs, acidic places, intestines, swamps, sewage • Eubacteria: do not live in extreme environments i.e. cat skin, swarm in nose

9. ROD-LIKE SPHERICAL SPIRAL

10. Fun Fact: methane produced by archaebacteria that died millions of years ago is the major component in about 20% of Earth’s deposit of natural gas • Some bacteria is good-cheese, yogurt, pickles…food digestion • Antibiotic: chemical that can kill bacteria without harming cells i.e. (Penicillin) causes bacteria to burst

11. Structure of a Bacteria Cell

12. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell • Capsule • Cell wall • Ribosomes • Nucleoid • Flagella • Pilli • Cytoplasm

13. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule • keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

14. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall • Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

15. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes • cell part where proteins are made • Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs

16. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid • a ring made up of DNA

17. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella • a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

18. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Amimation of E.coli

19. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Pilli • hollow hair-like structures made of protein • allows bacteria to attach to other cells. • Pilli-singular • Pillus-plural

20. 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm • clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

21. Reproduction of Bacteria • Binary Fission-the process of one organism dividing into two organisms • Fission is a type of asexual reproduction • Asexual reproduction-reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two

22. Reproduction of Bacteria BINARY FISSION Completed Bacteria dividing

23. Reproduction of Bacteria • The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are • Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions • Some can reproduce every 20 minutes • (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)

24. Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Binary Fission Cell separation

25. Bacteria Survival • Endospore- • a thick celled structure that forms inside • the cell • they are the major cause of food poisoning • allows the bacteria to survive for many years • they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions • it encloses all the nuclear materials • and some cytoplasm

26. Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle • highly resistant structures • can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.

27. Bacteria Survival – Food sources • parasites–bacteria that feed on living things • saprophytes–use dead materials for food (exclusively) • decomposers –get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals • important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

28. Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases • Animals can pass diseases to humans • Communicable Disease – • Disease passed from one organism to another • This can happen in several ways: • Air • Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush • Drinking water that contains bacteria

29. Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

30. Helpful Bacteria • Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow • Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay • Most are used to make antibiotics • Some bacteria help make insulin • Used to make industrial chemicals

31. Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines

32. Helpful Bacteria • Used to treat sewage • Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. • foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

33. Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning-the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria • endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization-process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration-removing water from food • Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed • example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

34. Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things • means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

35. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis • larger than most bacterial cells • commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams • Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs • food source for animals that live in the water

36. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA • can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

37. The End

38. Bacteria Survival • Endospore- • a thick celled structure that forms inside • the cell • it encloses all the nuclear materials • and some cytoplasm • They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions • Allows the bacteria to survive for many years

39. Bacteria Survival – Food sources • parasites–bacteria that feed on living things • saprophytes–use dead materials for food • decomposers –get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals • important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

40. Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases • Animals can pass diseases to humans • Communicable Disease – • Disease passed from one organism to another • This can happen in several ways: • Air • Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush • Drinking water that contains bacteria

41. Harmful Bacteria Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

42. Helpful Bacteria • Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow • Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay • Most are sued to make antibiotics • Some bacteria help make insulin • Used to make industrial chemicals

43. Helpful Bacteria E.coli on small intestines

44. Controlling Bacteria

45. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA • Make their own food through photosynthesis • Bigger than most bacterial cells • Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams

46. BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA • It can be toxic to humans and animals • Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

47. EXAMPLES OF BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Lake Champlain

48. Pictures of Bacteria

50. Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 21185A