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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. Characteristics of Life. Anatomy and Physiology are important components of biology --- the study of life. So, when is something considered living?

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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Characteristics of Life • Anatomy and Physiology are important components of biology --- the study of life. • So, when is something considered living? • To differentiate between living and nonliving things, scientists often refer to the Characteristics of Life.

  3. Characteristics of Life • Responses to a Stimulus • Conduct Signals • Grows • Respires • Digests Foods • Absorbs Nutrients • Secretes Substances • Excretes Wastes • Circulates Materials • Capable of Reproduction

  4. Levels of Organization • The 11 major systems of the human body that keep us alive: • 1. integumentary 7. circulatory • 2. skeletal 8. respiratory • 3. muscular 9. digestive • 4. nervous 10. urinary • 5. endocrine 11. reproductive • 6. lymphatic/immune

  5. Integumenary System • Structures: - Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands • Functions: • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissues from injury • Involved in vitamin D synthesis • Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry • Has pain and pressure receptors

  6. Skeletal System • Structures: • The 206 bones of the human body • Functions: • Protects and supports body organs • Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement • Hemopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) • Mineral storage

  7. Muscular System • Structures: • The 600+ muscles of the body • Functions: • Locomotion • Maintaining posture • Thermogenesis (generation of heat)

  8. Nervous System • Structures: • Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves • Functions: • The control system of the body • Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding to those changes when necessary.

  9. Endocrine System • Structures: • Hormone-secreting glands • Functions: • Long-term control system of the body • Makes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

  10. Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, White Blood Cells • Functions: • Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream • Disposal of debris • Attacking and resisting foreign invaders

  11. Circulatory System • Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) • Functions: • The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. • Blood transports nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, and body heat.

  12. Respiratory System • Structures: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2

  13. Digestive System • Structures: • Buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Functions: • Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

  14. Urinary System • Structures: • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Functions: • Removal of nitrogenous wastes • Regulation of body’s levels of water and electrolytes

  15. Reproductive System • Structures: • Male: • Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis • Female: • Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands • Functions: • Production of offspring

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