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web. 1 1.protists 2. protozoans 3. algae 4. fungi-like protists 5. sacrodines 6. binary fission

Life Sc. ch. 7. web3 1. zooflagellate 2. flagella 3. symbiosis 4. mutualism 5. sporozoans 6. spores 7. malaria 8. Dr Walter Reed 9. plasmodium 10. anopheles mosquito

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web. 1 1.protists 2. protozoans 3. algae 4. fungi-like protists 5. sacrodines 6. binary fission

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  1. Life Sc. ch. 7 web3 1. zooflagellate 2. flagella 3. symbiosis 4. mutualism 5. sporozoans 6. spores 7. malaria 8. Dr Walter Reed 9. plasmodium 10. anopheles mosquito web41. algae 2. euglenoids3. euglena 5 eye spot 4. dinoflagellates5. diatoms 6. green algae 7. spirogyra 8. pyrenoid body 9. red algae 10. brown algae 11. holdfast cells 12. air bladders web. 1 1.protists 2. protozoans 3. algae 4. fungi-like protists 5. sacrodines 6. binary fission 7. pseudopods 8. contractile vacuole 9. ameba web2 1. ciliates 2. cilia 3. macronucleus 4 micronucleus 5. pellicle 6. oral groove 7. trichocysts 8. gullet 9. conjugation 10. daughter cell 11. anal pore 12. gullet

  2. Life Sc. ch. 7 • PROTISTS: KINGDOM OF EUKARYOTES WHICH LIVE IN MOIST AREAS • MOST UNICELLULAR, SOME MULTITCELLED • ARE EITHER HETEROTROPHIC OR AUTOTROPHIC • GROUPED INTO THREE CATEGORIES (SUB-KINGDOMS) 1. PROTOZOANS: ANIMAL-LIKE, HETEROTROPHIC, NO CELL WALLS 2. ALGAE: AUTOTROPHIC WITH CELL WALLS 3. FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS: HETEROTROPHIC WITH CELL WALLS • PROTOZOANS GROUPED INTO FOUR PHYLA 1. SARCODINES: UNICELLULAR, MOVE BY PSEUDOPODS (ex. AMEBA) 2. CILIATES: UNICELLULAR, MOVE BY CILIA (ex. PARAMECIUM) 3. ZOOFLAGELLATES: MOVE BY FLAGELLA 4. SPOROZOANS: ALL ARE PARASITIC, REPRODUCE BY SPORES Slide 1

  3. . 1. SARCODINES: THE AMEBA AND ITS STRUCTURE • PSEUDOPODS: CYTOPLASM PROJECTIONS, “FALSE FEET” • USED TO MOVE, CAPTURE FOOD, FORM FOOD VACUOLE • MOVES AWAY FROM STRONG LIGHT, STRONG CHEMICALS • CONTRACTILEVACUOLE: CONTROLS WATER IN AMEBA • FLEXIBLE CELLMEMBRANE: CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS IN AND OUT • LARGE NUCLEUS CONTROLS ALL LIFE ACTIVITIES, REPRODUCTION • JELL-LIKE CYTOPLASM: HAS ORGANELLES, PERFORMS LIFE ACTIVITIES • REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY BY BINARYFISSION (splitting in half) Slide 2

  4. 2. CILIATES: (MOVE BY CILIA) THE PARAMECIUM AND ITS STRUCTURE • CILIA: HAIR-LIKE, COVERS PARAMECIUM, USED FOR MOVEMENT • TRICHOCYSTS: TINY PROTECTIVE STINGING STRUCTURES • MACRONUCLEUS: LARGE NUCLEUS, CONTROLS LIFE ACTIVITIES • MICRONUCLEUS: SMALLER NUCLEUS, CONTROLS REPRODUCTION • PELLICLE: STIFF CELL MEMBRANE, GIVES PARAMECIUM SHAPE • ANALPORE: ALLOWS WASTE TO LEAVE THROUGH PELLICLE • ORALGROOVE: MOUTH-LIKE INDENT WHICH CAPTURES FOOD • GULLET: THROAT-LIKE STRUCTURE AT BASE OF ORAL GROOVE • CONTRACTILE VACUOLES: STAR SHAPED, AT BOTH ENDS • HAS CYTOPLASM, FOODVACUOLES AND OILDROPLETS Slide 3

  5. PARAMECIUM REPRODUCES BOTH ASEXUALLY AND SEXUALLY • ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION: PARAMECIUM SPLITS IN HALF • SEXUALLY BY CONJUGATION: OCCURS UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONS • MICRONUCLEUI DIVIDE, RESULTING IN 2 IN EACH PARAMECIUM • ONE MICRONUCLEUI EXCHANGED, FUSES WITH ONE LEFT • CELLS SEPARATE, THEN DIVIDE TWICE • 8DAUGHTER CELLS WITH MIXED GENETIC MAKEUPS FORMED • ALLOWS GENETICVARIATION TO OCCUR Slide 4

  6. 3. ZOOFLAGELLATES: MOVE BY FLAGELLA • SOME FLAGELLATES LIVE IN SYMBIOSIS WITH TERMITES • BOTH FLAGELLATES AND TERMITES BENEFIT • MUTUALISM: BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT EQUALLY • SOME FLAGELLATES ARE PARASITIC (SOME CAUSE HUMAN ILLNESS) • USUALLY REPRODUCE BY BINARYFISSION Slide 5

  7. SPOROZOANS: ALL REPRODUCE BY SPORES AND ARE PARASITIC • MAY MOVE IN A VARIETY OF WAYS: (ex. FLAGELLA, SLIME) • PLASMODIUM: SPOROZOAN WHICH CAUSES MALARIA • CARRIED BY ANAOPHELESMOSQUITO ( REPRODUCE IN MARSHES) • ANAOPHELES BITES, INFECTS HUMANS • CONTROLLED BY DR. WALTERREED IN EARLY 1900’S • SWAMPS IN PANAMA WERE DRAINED, BREAKINGLIFECYCLE • ALLOWED CONSTRUCTION OF THE PANAMACANAL BY U.S Slide 6

  8. SUB-KINGDOM OF FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: ARE MOBILE AND HETEROTROPHIC • ALL REPRODUCE USING ASEXUAL SPORES, HAVE CELL WALLS • MANY ARE SAPROPHYTES (LIVE ON DEAD ORAGNIC MATTER) • SOME ARE PARASITES (LIVE ON LIVING ORGANISMS) • ALL ARE ABLE TO MOVE AT SOME STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT • THREE PHYLA: SLIME MOLDS, WATER MOLDS, AND DOWNY MOLDS Slide 7

  9. SUB-KINGDOM OF ALGAE: ALL ARE AUTOTROPHIC, PLANT-LIKE • THERE ARE SIXPHYLA OF ALGAE: EUGLENOIDS, DINOFLAGELLATES, DIATOMS, GREEN ALGAE, RED ALGAE, & BROWN ALGAE • 1. EUGLENOIDS: UNICELLULAR, BOTH AUTOTROPHIC, HETEROTROPHIC • EUGLENA’S STRUCTURE • FLAGELLA: WHIP-LIKE STRUCTURE, USED FOR MOVEMENT • REDEYESPOT: PIGMENT ABLE TO SENSE LIGHT AND DARK ONLY • CHLOROPLAST: ABLE TO MAKE FOOD USING SUNLIGHT • HAS PELLICLE, CYTOPLASM, CONTRACTILEVACUOLES, …..NUCLEOLOUS, NUCLEUS, NUCLEARMEMBRANE • HETEROTROPHICWHEN UNABLE TO USE SUNLIGHT Slide 8

  10. 2. DINOFLAGELLATES: UNICELLULAR, COVERED BY STIFF PLATES • ALL HAVE TWOFLAGELLA, ARE ABLE TO MOVE • EXIST IN A VARIETY OF COLORS, MAY GLOWINDARK 3. DIATOMS: UNICELLULAR, HAVE GLASS-LIKE SHELLS • OOZESLIME, WHICH IS USED TO MOVE • OFTEN A BASE OF THE FOODCHAIN • “SHELLS” USED IN ABRASIVES, TOOTHPASTE, ETC Slide 9

  11. 4. GREEN ALGAE: CHARACTERIZED BY GREEN PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL • LIVE IN LONG STAND-LIKE COLONIES CALLED FILAMENTS • STRUCTURE OF SPIROGYRA (TYPICAL GREEN ALGAE) • ONE OR MORE SPIRAL SHAPED CHLOROPLASTS • SEVERAL LARGE VACUOLES • PYRENOIDBODY ON CHLOROPLAST : STORES STARCH • NUCLEUS, CELLWALL, CELLMEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM • REPRODUCES BY BINARYFISSION OR CONJUGATION Slide 10

  12. 5. REDALGAE: ARE MULTI-CELLULARSEAWEEDS • REDPIGMENT ABSORBS LIGHT ENERGY AT GREATER DEPTHS • USED AS FOOD, IN ICE CREAM, HAIR PRODUCTS 6. BROWNALGAE: COMMON MULTI-CELLULARBROWNSEA-WEED • HAS MANY SPECIALIZED PLANT-LIKEPARTS • HAS AIR BLADDERS FOR SUPPORT, HOLDFAST CELLS • HAS LEAF-LIKEBLADES, STALKS • USED AS FOODS AND TO MAKE “THICKENERS” Slide 11

  13. ALGAL BLOOMS: OCCUR WHEN ALGAE GROWS RAPIDLY • SALTWATERBLOOMS: OCCUR IN OCEAN WATER • COMMONLY CALLED REDTIDES, BUT CAN BE ANY COLOR • OFTEN CAUSED BY DINOFLAGELLATES AND DIATOMS • CAN BE DANGEROUS WHEN SEA CREATURES EAT ALGAE • ALGAE CAN HAVE LARGE AMOUNTS OF TOXINS • PEOPLE WHO EAT THESE FISH CAN BECOME SICK OR DIE Slide 13

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