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Grammar Notes : Adjectives ( parvus porcus ) and Adverbs ( pulchra puella )

Grammar Notes : Adjectives ( parvus porcus ) and Adverbs ( pulchra puella ). ADJECTIVES – words describing nouns/pronouns ENGLISH – small; pretty LATIN – parvus ; pulchra ADVERBS – describes a verb ENGLISH – quickly; slowly LATIN– celeriter ; tarde

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Grammar Notes : Adjectives ( parvus porcus ) and Adverbs ( pulchra puella )

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  1. Grammar Notes: Adjectives (parvusporcus) and Adverbs (pulchrapuella) ADJECTIVES – words describing nouns/pronouns ENGLISH – small; pretty LATIN – parvus; pulchra ADVERBS – describes a verb ENGLISH – quickly; slowly LATIN– celeriter; tarde (THIS IS WHAT WE KNOW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

  2. Adjectives(fromLatin 2) 2 Types of Adjectives: • 1st/2nd declension - e.g. laetus, -a, -um • 3rd declension - e.g. celeris, -is, -e • DICTIONARY FORM – masc. nom. sing., fem., nom., sing., neuter, nom., sing. – meaning • Their endings must AGREE with the gender, number, and case of the Latin noun they describe • EXAMPLES: parvusporcus– the small pig • “porcus” is masculine, nominative, singular • “parvus” has a masculine, nominative, singular ending • THUS, they AGREE!!! • tardussenator– the slow senator • “senator” is masculine, nominative, singular • “tardus” has a masculine, nominative, singular ending • THUS, they AGREE!!!

  3. ADVERB ENDINGS… • Adverbs are formed from Adjectives • Adverbs ending in “-e” come from 1st/2nddeclen. Adjectives (us, a, um Adj.) • Adverbs ending in “-ter”, or “-iter” come from 3rddeclen. Adjectives (is, is, e Adj.) e.g. - tardus = slow; tarde = slowly laetās = happy; laete = happily celeris = quick/fast; celeriter = quickly fortis = brave; fortiter = bravely

  4. Making Adjectives, Adverbs POSITIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ADJECTIVE: clarus,-a,-um (1st/2nddeclen. Adj.) ADVERB: clare ADJECTIVE: lēvis, levis, lēve(3rddeclen. Adj.) ADVERB: lēviter NOTA BENE: like everything in LATIN, there are exceptions to the rules above e.g. … bonus,-a,-um (good) becomes, bene – well** parvus, -a,-um(small) becomes, paulum-little** magnus,-a,-um(great) becomes, magnopere-greatly** Irregular adverbs; forms must be memorized!

  5. PRACTICE!!!!!!!!!! Identify each as an adjective or adverb from the Stage 21 vocab. list and translate: • graviter - ________ 2. nonnullae - ________ • sapiens - ________ 4. occupate - _________ • durum - _________ 6. **nuper -____________ **different endings, check MEANING!!!** Change each ADJ. to an ADV. based on your notes & translate. • peritus - ___________ 2. plenus -_______________ • sapientis - _________ 4. avidī - ________________ 5. tristem - __________ 6. audacibus - ____________

  6. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Positive, Comparative, Superlative ADJECTIVES: EXAMPLES: ENGLISHLATIN Positive - pretty pulcher Comparative - prettier pulchrior Superlative - prettiest pulcherrima ADVERBS Positive - quickly celeriter Comparative - more quickly “quam”celeriter Superlative - very quickly celerrime

  7. “quam” and Adjectives quam = “than” or “how” Uses of “quam” quam + regular/positive adj. = “how” ex. quam pulchraestpuella! How pretty the girl is! 2. quam + comparative adj. = “than” ex. Caeciliusest quam pulchrior Quintus. Caecilius is more handsome than Quintus. 3. quam + superlative adj. = “as…as possible” ex. quam celerrimus – as quick as possible

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