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First Aid

First Aid. When is it time to call 911?. Basic First Aid:. When to Call 911 : Athlete is unconscious at any time (this athlete is placed on his side – if not a suspected spinal,etc) Athlete is having trouble breathing, or breathing has stopped Athlete is dizzy or light-headed

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First Aid

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  1. First Aid

  2. When is it time to call 911?

  3. Basic First Aid: • When to Call 911: • Athlete is unconscious at any time (this athlete is placed on his side – if not a suspected spinal,etc) • Athlete is having trouble breathing, or breathing has stopped • Athlete is dizzy or light-headed • Athlete has bleeding that will not stop • Athlete has pain or pressure in the abdomen • Athlete vomits, passes, or coughs blood • Athlete has fallen from a height • Athlete has possible head, neck, or back injuries

  4. Basic First Aid: • When to Call 911 (con’td): • Athlete has lost sensation or cannot move extremities • Athlete has seizures, regardless of history • Athlete has been poisoned • Athlete has chest pain or heartbeat has stopped • The amount of care necessary is beyond your ability • Athlete has broken bones, false movement, or crepitus (crunching felt on palpation) • Athlete has slurred speech • Athlete has difficulty remembering things • Athlete has loss of pulse in an extremity

  5. Basic First Aid: • Survey the Scene • When you approach a situation, first and foremost, you must make sure it is safe for you. As the charge person, you likely witnessed the mechanism of injury. If you approach the situation after the mechanism, what you observe about and around the scene can give you a lot of information. • Hazards in the sports setting include more than just fire, wire, gas, and glass. Other concerns include weather (lightning), playing surface (ice, wet field), fans, stoppage of play, and equipment (pucks, etc).

  6. Basic First Aid: • Determine Unresponsiveness • Once you have ascertained the scene is safe for you to approach, you must determine whether the athlete is conscious or not. • Conscious = Proceed with primary survey • Unconscious = Activate your EAP, then begin primary survey • Primary Survey • Airway • Breathing • CPR (30-2) or hands only is fine!

  7. Shock Shock is a condition that occurs due to inadequate circulation of blood and oxygen to the cells of the body. This includes the major organs such as the brain and kidneys.

  8. Cause of shock • Most commonly caused by sudden loss of fluid from the circulatory system. • This is often caused by excessive bleeding, burns (loss of plasma), or dehydration. • Shock may also be triggered by cardiac emergencies, allergic reactions, massive infections and spinal injuries.

  9. Signs and Symptoms • Early stages of shock include : • Rapid pulse • Pale, grey skin • Sweating • Cold clammy skin • Later stages of shock • Weakness and dizziness • Nausea and vomiting • Thirst • Rapid shallow breathing • Restlessness • Anxiousness and aggressiveness • Falling level of consciousness

  10. Treatment • EMS or 911 activation • Treat the injury • Ensure open airway • Control any bleeding • If conscious, elevate the lower limbs and ensure a low head position (if possible) • If unconscious place into recovery position • Keep warm and give nothing by mouth • Reassure and reassess every few minutes

  11. External Bleeding • A wound is any damage or break in the external skin tissue which increases the risk of infection.

  12. Types of Wounds • Contusion • A bruise caused by a blunt instrument or by kicking and punching

  13. Types of Wounds Cont… • Abrasions are caused by rubbing or scrapping the surface of the skin. This type of wound does not bleed.

  14. Types of Wounds • Lacerations are tears in the tissue caused by sharp or jagged objects

  15. Types of Wounds • Punctures are caused by pointed objects which may penetrate deeply resulting in damage to underlying tissues.

  16. Types of External Bleeding • Arterial • When bright red blood (oxygen) spurts from a wound and artery has been cut. The blood in arteries comes from the heart and spurts with each heart contraction. • Venous • When dark bluish-red blood (waste products) flows from a wound in a steady stream, a vein has been cut. Bleeding from a vein can be profuse but usually easier to control than bleeding from an artery.

  17. Cont… • Capillary • Dark red blood oozes slowly from a wound. There is usually no danger since little blood is lost. Blood drips slowly until clotting occurs.

  18. Effects of Severe Bleeding on the Body • Lack of oxygen to the tissues (e.g. brain) due to loss of red blood cells • Decrease in blood volume causes a decrease in blood pressure • The heart pumping rate (b.p.m.) increases to compensate for the reduced blood volume/pressure. • The force of the heart beat is reduced, since there is less blood to pump.

  19. Controlling Bleeding **Wear gloves** • Activate EMS if severe • RED • Rest – attempt to calm the person, put them in a comfortable position • Ensure – that you monitor ABC’s and signs of Shock • Direct Pressure to help stop the bleeding and create a clot.

  20. Dressings and Bandages • Cover the wound protecting against germs and speed up the clotting process • Use Commercial dressings, they are designed to absorb blood, they are non stick, and possess very little lint. • If there are no commercial dressings at your disposal be creative to find an appropriate dressing. • If a dressing becomes saturated with blood don’t remove it!! Just add to it!!

  21. Dressings and Bandages

  22. Anaphylaxis • Anaphylaxis is a severe, whole-body allergic reaction to a chemical that has become an allergen. After being exposed to a substance such as bee sting venom, the person's immune system becomes sensitized to it. • When the person is exposed to that allergen again, an allergic reaction may occur.  • Tissues in different parts of the body release histamine and other substances. This causes the airways to tighten and leads to other symptoms.

  23. Diabetes • Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. With type 1 diabetes, your body does not make insulin. With type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body does not use insulin well and so the pancreas will produce more until it gets overworked and can no longer do so . Without enough insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. This may cause stroke, heart disease.

  24. Bone Fractures • Fractures can occur for several reasons: • Direct force – damage to a bone occurs at the point where force is applied • Indirect Force – Damage which occurs to a bone away from where the force was applied • Muscular action – Damage to a bone following a sudden and violent muscle contraction • Pathological – Damage to a bone caused by old age or disease. (osteoporosis)

  25. Types of Fractures • Simple – clean crack or break in a bone

  26. Comminuted – a fracture that produces multiple bone fragments

  27. Types of Fractures • Green Stick – A split in a young immature bone

  28. Types of Fractures • Closed – Fracture where the surrounding skin is unbroken

  29. Types of Fractures • Open (compound) – Part of the bone breaks through the skin causing bleeding. This type of break is susceptible to contamination.

  30. How do you know if you might have a fracture? (Splints!) • Swelling and Bruising • Pain at or near the site • Loss of movement • Irregularity in the line of the bone (may be felt) • Numbness • Tenderness at the site • Shock from the pain and or blood loss

  31. Treating possible fractures • If you suspect that you may be looking at a fracture, always treat for a fracture and let an X-Ray confirm it. • Limit movement by splinting from the joint above and below. • Activate EMS when a fracture is suspected

  32. Sprains • Sprains are injuries that are due to either over stretching or tearing ligaments. • Signs and symptoms • Pain on movement • Swelling • Tenderness • Discoloration

  33. Sprain

  34. Strains • Strains are injuries to muscles or tendons caused by over exertion. In severe cases muscles and tendons are torn • Signs and Symptoms • Intense Pain • Moderate swelling • Painful/difficult movement

  35. Strain

  36. Treatment for Sprains and Strains • Rest – do not allow the casualty to use the injured limb • Ice –Apply cold compress to reduce the effects of swelling • Compression – will help reduce swelling • Elevation and immobilization – to reduce blood flow to the area

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