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EHAP Review Pt. 6

EHAP Review Pt. 6. 1945 - Present. Decolonization. Decolonization: post-WW II European nations could no longer maintain control of colonial empires British: 1947: India declared independence 1947: Br. withdrew from Palestine

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EHAP Review Pt. 6

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  1. EHAP Review Pt. 6 1945 - Present

  2. Decolonization • Decolonization: post-WW II European nations could no longer maintain control of colonial empires British: • 1947: India declared independence • 1947: Br. withdrew from Palestine • 1956: Egypt “nationalized”Suez Canal from Br. (USSR pledged aid to Egypt) • 1950-60’s: Br. lost rest of Africa French: • lost Indo-China (Vietnam) & N. Africa (Algeria) Netherlands: lost Dutch E. Indies (Indonesia)

  3. Decolonization

  4. The Cold War • Diplomatic crisis b/n U.S. (& its Western “bloc” allies) & U.S.S.R. (& its Eastern bloc) • problems from end of WW II • 1946: Churchhill called Soviet domination of E. Europe the “Iron Curtain” • communist puppet gov’ts in E. Europe • Poland: 1947 • Czechoslovakia: 1948 • Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia: 1946-47

  5. THE IRON CURTAIN “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.” - Winston Churchill March 5, 1946

  6. The West Takes a Stand • USSR supported communist rebels in Greece & Turkey • Truman Doctrine: U.S. would provide aid to any free nation to fight communism Military Alliances: • Western Bloc: NATO (1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization to protect W. Europe from USSR • Eastern Bloc: Warsaw Pact (1955) to protect E. Europe from capitalist influence • Marshall Plan (1947-1951): U.S. provided $9.4 billion to rebuild W. Europe

  7. Symbols of the Cold War

  8. Division of Germany • At Potsdam Conference: • Germany divided b/n “West” & “East” • Spring, 1948: Stalin refused to reunify the zones • Berlin Blockade: Stalin blocked off W. Berlin • Allies responded w/ massive airlift to supply W. Berlin • W. Ger. became: Federal Republic of Ger. • E. Ger.: Ger. Democratic Republic (Soviet puppet state)

  9. W. Germany • By 1950’s: W. Ger. had stable 2-party democracy • Christian Democratic Union (CDU) • Social Democratic Party (SPD) • Chancellor Willy Brandt (SPD): process called Ostpolitik, to open diplomacy w/ E. Ger.

  10. Post-war Italy • new constitution: • ended monarchy • created democratic republic • 2 major parties: • Communists • Christian Democratic Party

  11. Post-war France • 4th French Republic: • many small parties • Female suffrage 1946 • 5th French Republic (1958): using crisis in Algeria, DeGaulle created 5th Rep. (giving Pres. much more power)

  12. Economic Recovery in W. Europe • Marshall Plan: led to post-WW II economic boom in W. Eur. (until early 1970’s) • Gov’ts created social welfare programs: “cradle-to-grave” protection

  13. Post-war Great Britain • Labor Party: focused on social welfare programs Reforms: • nationalized the Bank of England • nationalized railways, airlines, coal & steel industries • old-age pensions • unemployment insurance • National Health Service

  14. Costs of Reform • High taxes to pay for reforms • Margaret Thatcher (Br. PM): rollback of welfare “nanny” state • by 1990’s W. Europe less economically competitive in era of “globalization”

  15. European Integration Economic Integration: • 1951: European Coal & Steel Community • 1958: European Common Market (EEC) eliminated barriers to trade • 1962: European Parliament • European Union: created by Maastrict Treaty (1992) & defined economic, political, military roles • established common currency: Euro (1999) • EXPANSION EASTWARD

  16. European Union

  17. E. European “Satellite” States • Warsaw Pact: military control by USSR • COMECON: economic control • Berlin Wall built in 1961: to stop E. Ger. Refugees Resistance against Soviets: • 1956: Polish revolts suppressed by USSR • 1956: Imre Nagy of Hungary encouraged reforms… • brutal suppression by Soviets • 1968: Prague Spring led by Alexander Dubcek in Czech. (“socialism w/ a human face”) • 1978: Polish Pope John Paul II • led to Polish Solidarity Movement against USSR

  18. “De-Stalinization” • 1953: Nikita Khrushchev took control after Stalin’s death • 1956: Khruschev announced “destalinization” • condemned Stalin’s crimes • increased tension w/ U.S. (i.e.: Cuban Missile Crisis) • Kruschev adopted “détente” policy of dialogue w/ U.S. *Brezhnev replaced Khruschev in 1964 until his death in 1982: pursued policy of “New Cold War”

  19. Soviet Failures & Reforms • Failed invasion of Afghanistan (1979) & Chernobyl nuclear accident • Reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev: • Glasnost: political “openness” • Perestroika: free-market reforms Series of revolutions started in 1989: • Fall of Berlin Wall (reunification of Ger.) • Romania: executed brutal dictator Ceausescu on Christmas Day, 1989

  20. Revolution in Russia • Satellite states in E. Europe & C. Asia separated • August 1991: hard-line communists staged a coup against Gorb. • Boris Yeltsin against hardliners • Aug. 1991-Dec. 1991: more break-away Soviet republics • December 1991: USSR dissolved & Gorb. resigned

  21. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

  22. Yugoslavia • Yugoslavia: formed post-WW I (fall of Ottomans) • Post WW II: under control of Josip Broz (Tito) • Communist dictator • Ethnic rivalries: Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes • Tito controlled rivalries until his death • 1991: Slovenia & Croatia seceded • Bosnian Muslims feared Serbs & seceded • war b/n Bosnian Serbs & Bosnian Muslims • Serbs supported by Yugo. gov’t

  23. Slobodan Milosevic • Yugoslav Pres. Milosevic: policy of “ethnic cleansing” Serbs against Muslims • U.S. & NATO nations attack Serbs • Dayton Accords of 1995 • U.N. war crimes trials against Milosevic • Kosovo crisis (1999): Serbs ran ethnic Albanians out of Kosovo

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