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EHAP REVIEW PT. 1

EHAP REVIEW PT. 1. Renaissance & Reformation. “ National ” Monarchies. new Kingdoms form (absorption of feudal states) new armies By 1500: England, France, Spain, & Portugal *Holy Roman Empire (German states)…. 100 Years ’ War (1337 - 1453). England & France

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EHAP REVIEW PT. 1

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  1. EHAP REVIEWPT. 1 Renaissance & Reformation

  2. “National” Monarchies • new Kingdoms form (absorption of feudal states) • new armies • By 1500: England, France, Spain, & Portugal *Holy Roman Empire (German states)…

  3. 100 Years’ War (1337 - 1453) • England & France • Edward III claims French throne • early wins by English • Joan of Arc: led French victory EFFECTS: • Nationalism in England (parliament) & France (Estates General) • War of the Roses

  4. War of the Roses (1455-1485) • Yorks (White) vs. Lancasters (Red) • won by Henry Tudor • Tudors ruled until death of Elizabeth I in 1603 • weakened the nobility

  5. Modern Spanish Nation • 1469: marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castille • united Spain • weakened nobility • “religious unity” • led to Inquisition: Moors & Jews out of Spain • funded Spanish conquest (Columbus)

  6. Portugal • Independence in 1355 • Early exploration: Prince Henry the Navigator • By 1525: Portuguese Empire (Brazil, Angola, parts of India)

  7. Holy Roman Empire • controlled mostly by Hapsburg family • by 1400, Hapsburgs controlled Austrian part of HRE until 1918 • HRE splits into 350 duchies: • N. German princes: freedom from HR Emperor & Pope • 13 cantons of Switzerland • Protestants vs. Catholics

  8. Baltic Confederation • 80 independent cities • Hanseatic League: allowed Baltic Sea trade

  9. Causes of Renaissance • End of “Middle Ages” • Why Italy?: 1. Crusades opened new trade routes 2. Church lost power 3. Growth of middle class 4. Wealthy “patrons”: education & art

  10. Ren. Politics • ITALY: CITY-STATE SYSTEM • Ruled by dictatorial princes • Milan, Venice, Florence(cultural center), Papal States, & Naples • warring b/n states (mercenaries called condottieri) • Machiavellianism • wealthy patron families: Medici

  11. Ren. Economics • ended manorialism & led to rise of capitalism • Rise of merchant class: • towns & money economy • Middle class “bourgeoisie” • weakened nobility • new riches, new trade routes, new diseases (plague) • Gold: increased wealth (& inflation) • Monarchs: stronger armies/navies… • protect commercial interests

  12. New Methods • printing press (Gutenberg) • banking systems • bills of exchange • double entry bookkeeping *majority were still farmers until late 18th-cen.

  13. Trade Areas • Italian city states brought goods from the East • Flanders: cloth/wool • Hanseatic League • England, Netherlands, & France dominated Atlantic trade by the 1500’s Effects: - decline of feudalism - money economy - joint stock companies - revival of slavery - growth of secularism & individualism

  14. “Rebirth” of Ideas (1350 - 1550) • Humanism: challenged traditional church beliefs • Greco-Roman influences • individualism, not religious dictates • secularism: non-religious teaching • vernacular“national” writing styles

  15. Literature • Dante: Divine Comedy(1st vernacular work) • Petrarch: Sonnets (“father of humanism”) • Machievelli: The Prince(“ends justify the means”; gov’ts flawed; political science “realpolitik”) • Castiglione:Book of the Courtier (how to be a Ren. gentleman)

  16. Ren. Art • Art patrons: both secular & sponsored by Church • Ren. art: “perspective” (realism, geometric) • Architecture: gothic style (stained glass, pointed arches, flying buttresses); baroque style

  17. Architects: • Brunelleschi (church of San Lorenzo) • Alberti (Rucella Palace) • Artists: • Fra Angelico (The Anunciation) • Fra Lippo Lippi (Madonna and Child) • Botticelli (the Birth of Venus) • Masaccio (Tribute Money) • Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David & Moses) • da Vinci (Mona Lisa, the Last Supper) • Donatello (David)

  18. Scientific Revolution • challenged Church • fueled by humanism • liberal arts education Scientists: • Copernicus: heliocentric universe • Kepler: elliptical orbits • Galileo: telescope; falling bodies; house arrest • Newton: laws of motion, optics, calculus • Descartes: rationalist “I think, therefore, I am”

  19. N. European Ren. • referred to as “Reformation” Similar to Italy: valued classical civs. Different from Italy: “Christian humanism” • attacked abuses of Church • de-emphasized sacraments • translations of Bible (Reuchlin in Germany)

  20. N. Ren. Art • dominated by “Dutch Masters”: • Rembrandt • Van Eyck • scenes of everyday life • Protestant churches very plain

  21. Erasmus (1466-1536) • “Prince of Humanities” • In Praise of Folly: satire of superstition & rituals in Church • criticized corruption of Church • live a simple Christian

  22. Elizabethan Ren. • Sir Thomas More (Utopia): humanism to England • Chaucer’sCanterbury Tales: emphasized the human; vernacular • Francis Bacon: inductive scientific method • Shakespeare

  23. French Renaissance • Montaigne (Essays): “good” man • Rabelais: • modern French language w/ John Calvin

  24. Causes: Protestant Reformation • Biblical scholarship • anti-Catholic Church & Pope: • Papal taxes • simony: sale of church offices • corruption/immoral behavior • sale of indulgences • reflected nationalism: • N. German princes desire to break from HRE

  25. Martin Luther (Lutheranism) • 1517: Luther, a monk, posted 95 Theses on door in Wittenberg, Germany • printing press spread ideas • salvation: “justification by faith alone”, NOT “good works” • protected by Frederick of Saxony • HRE Charles V: Diet of Worms ordered Luther to recant

  26. Luther’s Ideas • separation of church & state • NO Church hierarchy • BIBLE final authority • only 2 sacraments: Baptism & Eucharist

  27. Religious Warfare • 1530: council at Augsburg by Charles V • Protestants formed Schmalkaldic League • 1546: war b/n N. Protestant states & HRE • Peace of Augsburg (1555): • “cius regio, eius religio” • Lutheranism or Catholicism decided by princes • ***denied Calvinism • Lutheranism spread: Sweden to Scandinavia

  28. Protestant Reformers: Zwingli (1484 - 1531): • Swiss • eucharist symbolic *Anabaptists… Swiss Prot.: separation b/n church-state John Calvin (1509 - 1564): • French • Predestination: God already decided “the elect” • France: called huguenots • Scotland: John Knox Presbyterian church • England: Puritanism

  29. English Reformation • Huss & Wycliffe (Lollards): end materialism of the church • English nobles resented papal taxes • Henry VII: wants annulment from Pope • Act of Supremacy: English king replaces pope • Anglican Church (Church of England) • allows divorce…

  30. Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Catherine Howard Anne of Cleves Catherine Parr

  31. Catholic Counter-Reformation • Council of Trent (1545 - 1563): Charles V pushed internal reform • faith & good works • ALL 7 sacraments • ended corruption & indulgences • Baroque art/arch. (ornate) • Jesuits: • St. Ignatius Loyola: absolute obedience to Church • education in religious schools • missionary activity

  32. Thesis?

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