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EHAP REVIEW PT. 2

EHAP REVIEW PT. 2. Religious Wars. Italian Wars. Italian city-states attractive to invaders: wealthy & small French Invasions: formed “ League of Cambray ” w/ Spain, Pope, HRE Pope protests & HRE allows “ Sack of Rome ”

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EHAP REVIEW PT. 2

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  1. EHAP REVIEWPT. 2 Religious Wars

  2. Italian Wars • Italian city-states attractive to invaders: • wealthy & small French Invasions: • formed “League of Cambray” w/ Spain, Pope, HRE • Pope protests & HRE allows “Sack of Rome” • 1530: Charles V (HRE) made peace w/ Pope & named “King of Italy”

  3. Empire of Charles V (1519-1556) • inherited huge Hapsburg empire: HRE, Spain, “Low” Countries, & Italian states Weaknesses: • too big, not continuous • religious wars w/ N. German Prot. princes Breakup: • Ferdinand I (brother) gets HRE • Philip II (son): Spain, Netherlands, Naples, Milan, & New World colonies

  4. Hapsburg Empire at Greatest Extent

  5. Philip II (1556-1598) • great wealth from New World gold & silver • excessive spending: • fighting religious wars • luxury items for nobility The Dutch Revolt: • William of Orange united Dutch for independence • Philip crushed revolt…Council of Blood • Cath. provinces became Belgium • Calvinist became Netherlands

  6. Spanish Armada (1588) Phillip II invades England: • rivalry over seas & new world • English “sea dogs” attack Spanish galleons • England sides w/ Dutch • tried to restore Cath. in Eng. • wanted to marry his dead wife’s (Mary I) sister (Elizabeth I); she refused

  7. Defeat of Spain • English defeat Spanish Armada ***forever weakened Spain! Dutch Republic: • 1648 official independence • “Golden Age of Dutch”

  8. Hard questions…logic based & eliminate answer choices!

  9. 30 Years’ War (1618-1648) Causes: • religious tensions • also struggle b/n Bourbons (Fr.) & Habsburgs (HRE) 1. Bohemian Phase I: Defenestration of Prague (1618) - Prot. crushed 2. Danish Phase II: Wallenstein’s forces helped HRE 3. Swedish Phase III: King Gustavus Adolphus wanted to protect Prot.; invades Ger. • Cardinal Richelieu of Fr. supported Gustavus to control power of Hapsburgs

  10. 4. Swedish-French Phase IV: Denmark attacked Sweden • Cath. France + Prot. Sweden vs. Cath. HRE, Prot. Denmark, + Cath. Spain 1648: PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (ends 30 yr. War) Effects: • Forever weakened HRE • began Fr. continental supremacy • 1/3 of pop. died • long-term fragmentation of central Eur.

  11. Treaty of Westphalia (1648) EFFECTS: • Renewed Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio) • Calvinism legalized • independence of Switz. & Neth. • more sovereignty for Ger. princes but PERMANENTLY WEAKENED HRE

  12. FRENCH CIVIL WARS • 90% of Fr. Cath. • most French Huguenots (Calvinists) were wealthy • against Valois monarchy • Francis I & Henry II • persecuted Calvinists • religious war in 1562 • St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572); 1000’s of Parisian Protestants killed • led to “War of the Three Henry’s”

  13. War of the 3 Henry’s • England helped Fr. Prot…. • King Henry III (Cath.) & Henry of Navarre (Prot.) vs. Henry Guise (Cath.) • Henry Navarre won: became King Henry IV, starts Bourbon dynasty Henry IV: • rebuilt Fr. (w/ Duke of Sully): roads, bridges, agriculture • strengthened monarchy • converted to Cath. (“Paris is worth a mass”) • Edict of Nantes: religious freedom for Prot.

  14. TUDOR ENGLAND (1485-1603) Henry VII: • restored peace & economy • taxed nobility • Court of the Star Chamber Henry VIII: • 6 wives… • Church of Eng. • church lands to friends • New World exploration

  15. Henry VIII’s kids: Edward VI: • King at age 10…died at 16 Mary I: • oldest daughter; Cath. • married Philip II of Sp. • tried to change England back to Cath. • “Bloody Mary”…persecuted Prot.

  16. Elizabeth I: • raised Prot. • a “politique” she compromised w/ Cath. & Prot. • defeated Spanish Armada (1588) • “balance of powers” • Eng. Ren. • exploration & colonialism • “Virgin Queen” • had Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) executed

  17. Spanish Exploration • early on: largest overseas empire • Columbus: 1492 • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Spain all of New World (except Brazil) • Columbus: colonization to Caribbean • Pizzaro: Inca of Peru • Magellan: circumnavigates globe • Bartholomew de Las Casas: protested Indians abuses • Cortes: Aztecs

  18. English Exploration • Cabot: “NW passage” (Canada) • Drake: circumnavigated & raided Sp. galleons • Raleigh: Virginia • Cook: Australia & New Zealand

  19. French Exploration • Verrazano: claimed Canada for France • Champlain: St. Lawrence Valley • LaSalle: Mississippi Valley • Marquette & Joliet: Great Lakes region • France moved into Canada, W. Indies, & Louisiana

  20. Dutch & Swedish Exploration Dutch: explored NY, Delaware, Hudson River Valley. • Tasman: discovered Australia & New Zealand (worked for Dutch E. India Co.) • 1600’s Dutch took many Portuguese colonies in far East Sweden: claimed Delaware Bay Region

  21. French Politics Louis XIII (1610-1643): • advisor Cardinal Richelieu, effectively ruled France • return power back to “absolute” king • provinces ran by intendants • destroyed noble castles & armies • royal spies • mass executions • crushed power of Huguenots

  22. “Sun King” Louis XIV (1643 - 1715): • king at 5 • chief advisor, Cardinal Mazarin • crushed “Frondes” revolts by nobility • use of intendants • “Divine Right”(Bishop Bosseut) • Treaty of Pyrenees (1659): Fr. out of 30 Yrs. War; Louis marries Maria Therese of Sp. • built Versailles; patron of arts (Golden Age of France) • territorial expansion: 4 costly wars Religious disputes: ended Edict of Nantes (Huguenots fled); appointed Bishops

  23. The Sun King: Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)“l’etat cest moi”

  24. Wars of Louis XIV ***France permanently weakened • War of Devolution: claimed Sp. Netherlands from wife • Dutch War: claimed Dutch commercial interests • against Dutch, HRE, Sp., & Prussia • War of the League of Augsburg: invaded Ger. border • War of Spanish Succession: Louis’ grandson Philip claims Sp. throne…Hapsburgs say no • Sp. & Fr. against Eng., HRE, & Dutch • Treaty of Utrecht: Philip stays as King in Sp.; Sp. loses land to HRE

  25. Fr. Mercantilism • finance minister, Colbert: architect of mercantilism • encouraged trade & commerce • wealth of gold & silver (“bullion”) • favorable “balance of trade” • 5 great farms • industrial production

  26. Stuart England James I: divine right rule • repeatedly dismissed Parliament to raise taxes • Puritan & Cath. minorities upset Charles I: • forced to accept Petition of Right (1628) • jury trial • no quartering • no taxes without parliament • War w/ Scots: • forced to ask Parl. for money…said no (“Short Parl.”) • “Long Parl.”: gave money…split in Parl. led to civil war

  27. English Civil War (1649-1660) • Cavaliers: land-holding royalists • Roundheads: Puritans & middle class against king; “New Model Army” led by Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) Phase 1: w/ aid of Scots, Cromwell & Parl. Wins • limited monarchy or Puritan theocracy??? Phase 2: Cromwell controls Parliament • “Rump Parliament” controlled by army

  28. Charles I

  29. Cromwell’s Rule: • names himself “Lord Protector”: • executed Charles I • military dictatorship: • trade increased • controlled Irish & Scottish rebellions • Parl. overthrew his son: invited Charles II back as King (“Merry Monarch”) • the “Restoration” • limited king’s power • Parl. bans Catholics from public office • brother James II takes over…his son baptized Cath.

  30. The Glorious Revolution • Parl. invited James’ Protestant daughter Mary and husband William of Orange to rule England… • William & Mary accepted Bill of Rights (1689): permanently limited power of monarchy (“squirearchy”) • Bill of Rights: • no taxes w/out consent of Parl. • regular sessions & freedom of speech • trial by jury • Toleration Act: freedom for all Prot. sects

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