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Avian infections

Avian infections. Viral infections of respiratory tract. Newcastel disease virus Avian influenza Avian infectious bronchitis virus Avian laryngotracheitis disease virus Adenoviruses. Avian infectious bronchitis virus.

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Avian infections

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  1. Avianinfections

  2. Viralinfectionsofrespiratorytract • Newcasteldisease virus • Avian influenza • Avianinfectious bronchitis virus • Avianlaryngotracheitisdisease virus • Adenoviruses

  3. Avianinfectious bronchitis virus • Many strains (differ in antigenicpropertiesand virulence) - mutationsandrecombination • Affectsyounganimalsfrom 3 weeks • Maternalantibodiescontrolinfectionfor 3 weeks • Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urateplug, drop oflay, clinicalsigns last for 10 – 14 days

  4. Avianinfectious bronchitis virus • Horizontalspread • Rapid spread – highconcentrationofanimals • Verticaltransmission – not demonstrated • Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelialcellsofrepiratorytractandkidney (nefropathogenicstrains) • Virus persistence andlong term shedding

  5. Avianinfectious bronchitis virus - diagnostics • Trachealswabs – till 14 days in chicken, 7-10 days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains • Virus isolation in acutephaseofthedisease • CAM (2-3 passages) • trachealexplantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days • Variant strainsandAgmutants – sentinel SPF animals

  6. Avianinfectiouslaryngotracheitis virus • Acutediseaseofchicken, pheasants (3-9 month) • Respirationproblems, bloodymucoussecretion • Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitis • Mild - peracutedisease • Antigenic uniformity, strainsdiffer in virulence • Impactofenvironment (iritationofresp.tract, lowtemperature, concurrentinfections)

  7. Avianinfectiouslaryngotracheitis virus • Virus latency – in infectedandvaccinatedanimals • Rezidualpathogenicityofvaccinestrains • Cell immunity – non-transmissible to thenewborns

  8. Avianinfectiouslaryngotracheitis virus Samples: 4-6 livinganimals trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen Diagnostics • I.N. inklusions - trachea • IF test – trachea • Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification • Differentiationofvaccineandfieldstrains by REA

  9. Newcasteldisease virus • Differentpathotypesofthe virus • Velogenic (viscerotropicandneurotropic) • Mezogenic • Lentogenic • Serologicallyunique • Respiratorysigns in velogenicandmezogenicstrains

  10. Newcasteldisease virus • Velogenicstrains – respiratorysigns (edemaoftheneck, head), diarhea, neurologicalsigns, bleeding, almost 100% mortality

  11. Newcasteldisease virus Diagnostics • Izolation: embryonatedeggs • Detection: hemagglutination, PCR • Samples: lungs, spleen, brain, trachea. • Indirectdetection: hemagglutinationinhibition test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)

  12. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis Mycoplasma gallisepticum (CHRD) enrofloxacin p.o. Live vac..-aerosol. lincomycin p.o. tilmicosin p.o. H. paragallinarum amoxicilin p.o. (hemofilová rýma) pneumonia Mycoplasma synoviaelinkomycin p.o. tilmikosin p.o. Pasteurella multocida amoxicilin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c. (fowl cholera) Bordetella aviumamoxicilin p.o. (rhinotracheitis, bordetelosis)

  13. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT • rhinotracheitis,pneumonia, pleuritis, airsaculitis • O. rhinotracheale amoxicillin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c. • (ornithobacteriosis) doxycyclin p.o. • airsacculitis • E. coli flumequin p.o. • M. synoviae • Mycoplasma meleagridis*lincomycin p.o. • (aerosacculitis in turkey) tilmicosin p.o. • Mycotic infections • flavus, A. fumigatus • (aspergilosis)

  14. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT Mycotic infections (aspergilosis) Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in incubators Neumonia and airsacculitis – up to 6 weeks of age • flavus, A. fumigatus

  15. Infectionof GIT • Newcasteldisease virus choroba • Avian influenza

  16. Avian influenza • Differentclinicalcourse – inaparentní … drop oflay… …high mortality • Virulence doesn´t depend on H and N antigens • Edemaofthecrest, visceralhemorhagies, green diarhea, uratedeposits in kidney, yolk peritonitis

  17. Avian influenza - diagnostics • Izolatio on EE • HA test • Antibodydetection by HIT • DifferentiationofNewcasteldisease virus

  18. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT Enteritis Clostridium perfringens typ A,C Clostridium colinum amoxicillin p.o. (necrotic enteritis) Salmonella Pullorum flumequin p.o. (fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o. Salmonella Gallinarum flumequin p.o. live vac.. i.m. (fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o.

  19. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT Salmonella. spp.-S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium (paratyphoid infection)enrofloxacin p.o. live-/inact.vac. s.c. flumechin p.o. Salmonella Arizonae enrofloxacin p.o. (arizonosis inturkey) flumequin p.o. Campylobacter jejuni ´ erythromycin p.o. (kampylobacteriosis) E.coli encofloxacin (coligranulomatosis) Y. eneterocolitica

  20. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT peritonitis E. coli flumequin p.o. Pasteurella multocida amoxicillin p.o. inact. vac. s.c.,i.m. enro/difloxacin p.o. flumequin p.o. Mycobacterium avium/subsp. avium NO TREATMENT

  21. LIVER hepatitis E.coli flumechin p.o.subunit. vac. s.c. Salmonella spp. enrofloxacin p.o. (S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum) P. multocida amoxicillin p.o. Campylobacter jejuni Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o. Y. pseudotuberculosis Perihepatitis M. gallisepticum

  22. Infectionof CNS • Avianencephalomyelitis • Newcasteldisease virus

  23. Avianencephalomyelitis virus • Primaryreplication in the gut • Serologic uniformity, strainsdiffer in virulence • Clinicalsignsup to 6 weeksafterbirth • Ataxy, paralysisandtremor • Zákal čočky, iridocyklitis • Drop oflay, transovaralspread • Changes in CNS only, not in meningesorperipheralnerves

  24. Avianencephalomyelitis virus • Clinicalsigns • Anamnesis – no vaccination • Limited pathologicchanges • IFA detection in thebrain • Isolation in yolksacof EE (IFA confirmation) • Serology • VN test non EE – monitoring ofvaccination • ELISA • ID test

  25. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Mycoplasma spp.tilmicosin p.o. • M.gallisepcticum • M.meleagridis (turkey) • salpingitis • E. coli, flumequin p.o. • Salmonella spp. • egg yolk saculitis and sepsis • E. coli flumecquin p.o. • Pseudomonas aeruginosa enro/difloxacin p.o. • Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o. • Clostridium perfringens amoxicillin p.o. • Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin p.o. • Enterococcus faecalis

  26. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitis • Staphylococcus aureus amoxicillin p.o. • E. coli flumequin p.o. • Mycoplasma synoviae tilmicosin p.o. • (infekční synovitida kuřatrůt) lincomycin p.o. • Pasteurella multocida potenc.sulfonamides p.o. • (cholera drůbeže) flumequin p.o. • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.o. • benzylpenicillin i.m. • osteomyelitis • E.coli enrofloxacin p.o. • Staphylococcus aureus lincomycin p.o. • tylosin p.o.

  27. Infectionofthelymphatictissue • Infectious bursitis virus • Avianleukosis • Marek´s disease virus • Chickenanemia virus

  28. Infectious bursitis virus • 2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2) • 6 antigenicsubtypes in the type 1, variant strains • Virus isverystable (up to 4 month) • Highlycontagiousdisease • Incubation period 1-3 days • Clinicalsignsduring 24 h. in 100% ofanimals • Susceptibleanimals 3 – 12 weeks

  29. Infectious bursitis virus • Virus replication in lymphocytes • Longlastingimmunosupression (humoral, cell-mediated) • 100% morbidity, up to 20% mortality • Edemaof bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in muscles, • Atrophyof bursa

  30. Infectious bursitis virus Diagnostics • Isolation on CAM (deathof embryo in 3-5 days) • Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF) • Antigen capture ELISA

  31. Infectious bursitis virus Serology – ELISA • Monitoring ofantibodies in theflock • Serological profile – estimationofmaternalimmunity, vaccineschedulind

  32. Infectious bursitis virus VN test • Detectionofantigennicvariants (ELISA is type specific)

  33. Avianleukosis virus • ALV – neoplasticdiseaseofchicken • Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants • Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails, ducks, • in chickenserologicaldetectiononly

  34. Avianleukosis • Ubiquitousspread • Lowclinical incidence • Verticalspread • Horizontalspread • Incubation period –more than 14 weeks • Lymphomaof B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis in liver and spleen • Clinicalsigns – nonspecific

  35. Avianleukosis Diagnostics • Detectionof LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) ispathognomic • IF detectionofIgMAgand B-cell markers

  36. Avianleukosis Dg. tests • COFAL test • ELISA-ALV • Biologicalassay gs antigens

  37. Marek´s disease virus Lymphoproliferativedisease in chickens • Serotype 1 patogenicandoncogenicstrains • Serotype 2 avirulentandnononcogenicstrains • Serotype 3 avirulent, in turkeyonly (vaccinestrains)

  38. Marek´s disease virus • Clinicalsignsfrom 6 – 16 weeks • Majority ofneoplasticchanges in broilers • Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in peripheralnervesandotherorgans • Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in BF, skin, muscles • Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopicthickeningofperipheralnerves

  39. Marek´s disease virus • Neurolymphomatosis – klasical MD, lossofcoordination, asymetricparesisandparalysis • Acute MD – expanziveburst in theflock, depression, ataxy, paralysis in someanimals. Significant mortality without neurolog. changes • Lymphomatosisoftheeye – lymphoblastoidinfiltrationof pupil, blindness • Skin form – round, nodularlesions in featherfolicles

  40. Marek´s disease virus • K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy následuje lytická infekce B buněk ve slezině a thymu • Následující zánětlivé změny vedou k infiltraci monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty • Klidové T buňky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci – imunosuprese nebo transformaci – tumory • K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v buňkách péřových folikulů! • Místem latence jsou T lymfocyty

  41. Marek´s disease virus Diagnostics Thedetectionofthe virus orantibodiesis not significant • MATSA antigens

  42. Chickenanemia virus • Diseaseofchickens in 2-3 weeks • Transovarialinfection • Horizontalspreadafterbirth • Aplaziaof bone marrow (erys., tromb., granulocyty) • Thymusatrophy (patognomic) • Anorexia, fever, pallor

  43. Chickenanemia virus • Clinicalsigns • Biologicalassay (i.p. aplication) • Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA) • PCR

  44. SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS. • Colisepsis • E.coli • Fowl typhoid • S. Gallinarum • Septicemia • P.multocida (fowl cholera) • S.aureus • S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus • E.rhusiopathie • Mycoses • Generalized aspergilosis • A. flavus, A.fumigatus

  45. THE EYE • Conjunctivitis • M. gallisepticum

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