Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876

1. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 • Dr. John H. Kellogg: ran a sanitarium with a focus on nutrition. Kellogg is best known for the invention of the corn flakes breakfast cereal with his brother, Will Keith Kellogg. • Edwin Drake: An American oil driller, popularly credited with being the first to drill for oil in the United States. • Elisha Otis: Invented a safety device that prevented elevators from falling if the hoisting cable broke • Gail Borden: 19th century U.S. inventor of condensed milk in 185. 6Borden put a high value on sanitation and created cleanliness practices that continue to be used in the production of condensed milk to this day • George Pullman: He is known as the inventor of the Pullman sleeping car primarily for the purpose of making nighttime travel more restful • George Westinghouse: was a pioneer of the electrical industry. The stronger steel allows high rise construction • Henry Bessemer: Developed the Bessemer Process that turned iron to steel. Stronger steel allows high rise construction • Henry Ford: of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile • Isaac Singer He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. it was more practical, it could be adapted to home use and it could be bought on hire-purchase.

2. John Deere: American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company, one of the largest agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world. Created the first commercially successful cast-steel plow made ideally for tough soil • Levi Strauss: founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. • Samuel Morse: contributor to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system & co-inventor of the Morse code sending information through clicks that can be understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. • George Ferris: most famous for creating the original Ferris Wheel for the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. • Cyrus McCormick: developed the mechanical reaper which cuts and gathers crops • Thomas Alva Edison: an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, 1877, Phonograph, 1879, Light Bulb, 1889, Edison General Electric Company (GE) • Orville & Wilbur Wright: invented and built the world's first successful airplane and made the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. • Jan Matzelinger: inventor in the shoe industry. His machine could produce between 150 to 700 pairs of shoes a day, cutting shoe prices across the nation in half. • Willis Carrier: known as the man who invented modern air conditioning

3. Big Business Notes 1865 - 1901

4. ` Samuel Gompers J. P. Morgan Thomas Edison Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt

5. Factors encouraging growth of Big Business: • Inventions • electricity (extends work day) • railroad (cuts production and distribution costs) • Bessemer process (stronger steel allows high rise construction) • telegraph and telephone (aids in company efficiency)

6. Factors encouraging growth of Big Business • Immigration • provides cheap labor source • Governmental Policies • Laissez Faire “hands off” approach – allows business to do whatever they want • Direct/Indirect aid – land grants to railroads allow huge profits for investors

7. Standard Oil Co.

8. Trusts (Monopolies) form through unregulated business practices • Vertical Integration: when a company buys up all the steps used to create a product: i.e., U.S. Steel (Carnegie) owned the mine, the smelting companies, the railroads to ship the steel, and the distributors of the steel • Horizontal Integration: when a company buys up all the raw materials for a finished product: i.e., Standard Oil (Rockefeller) controlled 90% of the wells in the country and accounts for it’s HUGE success!

10. VERTICAL INTEGRATION

11. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION (Rockefeller)

12. Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry • Robber Barons • RR Entrepreneurs • Built fortunes by swindling taxpayers, bribing govt. officials, & cheating on contracts Captain of Industry A business leader whose creates a personal fortune by positively contributing to the country in some way. This may have been through increased productivity, expansion of markets, providing more jobs, or acts of philanthropy

13. Trusts (Monopolies) form through unregulated business practices • Pools:Companies agree to maintain prices of certain products • EX: many railroad companies agreed to fix high prices so consumers were forced to pay regardless of who they shipped with • Interlocking Directorates: when the Board of Directors of one company also sit on the Board of Directors for a competing company (they only make decisions which are favorable to the parent company) • EX: When JP Morgan would monitor his competition by placing officers of his bank on the board of companies that he wanted to control

14. Effects of Trusts • Legal maneuver allowing trustee to control several companies & run them as one • decreased competition – large companies controlled the market • higher prices – because there was no competition, companies could charge whatever they wanted • wealth – monopolists became incredibly wealthy (first group of millionaires in country). • The growth of big business in the lat 1800s widened the economic gap between the rich and the poor.

15. Effects of Trusts • government controlled by business – wealth allowed companies to lobby for favorable governmental decisions • growth of unions – as poor working conditions increase, workers begin banding together in greater numbers to fight for better hours, pay, etc. • use technique called collective bargaining – essentially, if we negotiate together, we are stronger than if we do it by ourselves

18. Working in the U.S. • Workers • Machines replacing skilled labor • Working conditions unhealthy & dangerous • $.22 per hour, 59 hours per week • Skilled craft workers – higher wages • Laborers – few skills, lower wages • To improve conditions – organize into Unions

19. The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line

21. Bessemer Steel Process: Turned Iron to Steel