The Byzantine Empire

1. The Byzantine Empire The capital of the Eastern Roman empire was changed to Byzantium to provide political, economic and military advantages. It was then renamed Constantinople by Constantine.

2. What military advantages do you see with this location? Constantinople

3. Location of Constantinople • Protection of the eastern frontier • Distance from Germanic invasions in the Western Empire • Crossroads of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors

4. Its location was a crossroads for trade connecting Europe with Asia and the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

5. Role of Constantinople • Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman (Muslim) conquest • Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture • Center of trade Istanbul Market

6. Greco-Roman Traditions Byzantine families continued to educate their children in Roman and Greek grammar and literature through monasteries and private tutors, preserving Greco-Roman culture. Meanwhile, in the west, Rome had been conquered by Germanic tribes that had no written language. As civilization declined in the west, it continued to flourish as the New Rome in Constantinople.

7. Justinian came to power in 527 AD as an absolute ruler • As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe. Became known as Justinian’s Code. • Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity. • Reconquest of former Roman territories in an effort to restore New Rome to earlier glory • Expansion of trade

8. Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a unique style of art and architecture. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire. What is imperial patronage? It means that the emperor supported and paid for beautiful pieces of art and the construction of buildings.

9. The Byzantines used domes and columns in their architecture. Christianity was the theme of Byzantine art and mosaics were used to show religious ceremonies.

11. Mosaic of Constantine looking over his city

12. Byzantine Art and Architecture • Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power • Icons (religious images) • Mosaics in public and religions structures • Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed • church) Can you think of 5 adjectives to describe this artwork? Icon

13. Hagia Sophia What elements of Roman Architecture do you see?

15. Byzantine Culture • Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions • Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) • Greek Orthodox Christianity • Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

16. Basilica Cistern

17. Valens Aqueduct

18. The cultural and political differences between the eastern (Byzantine) and western Roman Empires weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division in 1054. • Western Church • Centered in Rome • Farther from the seat of • power after Constantinople • Became the capital • Use of Latin Language in liturgy • Authority of the Pope accepted • Practices such as celibacy accepted • Eastern Church • Centered in Constantinople • Close to the seat of power after • Constantinople became capital • Use of Greek language in the liturgy • Authority of the Patriarch accepted • Icons prohibited – Iconoclasts destroyed • images Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic

19. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture and trade. Why? KievanRus around 1050 CE http://www.drshirley.org/geog/map30c_rus.gif

20. Traders from Kiev (present day Ukraine) traveled down the Dnieper River to trade in the city of Constantinople. These traders were Vikings and Slavs (people of the region north of the Black Sea). The name “Slav” comes from Slave as many were sold in Constantinople as slaves. Kiev would be one of Russia’s earliest civilizations

21. Dnieper River Constantinople which is Istanbul today

22. Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia • Trade routes between the Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic Alphabet) • Church architecture and religious art

23. Baltic and Black Sea Trade Routes http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/undergraduate/modules/hi127/programme/western/late_medieval_trade_routes.jpg

24. Cyril and his brother Methodius developeda new alphabet while trying to teach the Bible to the Slavs. The Slavs had no written language so Cyril and Methodius worked to give them an alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet is still used today.

25. The Cyrillic Alphabet http://www.davidgoodwin.net/albums/album30/DSCF1565.sized.jpg http://www.pbs.org/weta/faceofrussia/reference/img/cyrillic-alphabet.gif

26. The use of Domes in church architecture was adopted from the Byzantines and were modified – Russian domes are onion-shaped.

27. Constantinople Role Location ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Justinian Greco-Roman traditions • As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe. Became known as Justinian’s Code. • Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity. • Re-conquest of former Roman territories in an effort to restore New Rome to earlier glory. • Expansion of trade. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

28. What was Imperial Patronage: _____________________________________________ Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia Byzantine Art and Architecture _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ • Trade routes between the Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic Alphabet) • Church architecture and religious art The Great Schism (Split of the Christian Church)