first aid

1. Volunteer Marine Rescue TDM MF1007B first aid

2. Apply First Aid Session 4 • Burns. • Inhalation Injuries. • Heat & Cold. • Bites & Stings. • Poisons.

3. Burns Burns are a type of soft tissue injury caused primarily by heat. Burns also can occur when the body is exposed to certain chemicals, electricity extreme cold or solar and other forms of radiation. • The severity of a burn depends upon: • The temperature of the object or gas causing the burn. • The length of exposure to the source. • The location of the burn. • The extent of the burn. • The person’s age and medical condition.

4. Burns Types of Burns • Burns are classified by the source, such as heat, cold, chemicals, electricity or radiation. • They are also classified by depth. The deeper the burn the more severe it is. • The three depth classifications are: • Superficial (first degree). • Partial thickness (second degree). • Full thickness (third degree).

5. Burns First Degree A superficial burn involves only the top layer of skin. It is usually red and dry, and the burn is usually painful. The area may swell. Most sunburns are superficial burns. They generally heal in five to six days without scarring.

6. Burns Second Degree A partial thickness burn involves both the epidermis and the dermis. The injury is red and blisters may open and weep clear fluid making the skin appear wet. These burns are usually painful and the area often swells. They usually heal in three to four weeks and some scarring may occur.

7. Burns Third Degree A full thickness burn destroys both layers of the skin as well as any or all of the underlying structures – fat, muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves. Due to nerve damage there is very little pain. These burns may take many months to heal and generally leave scar tissue.

8. Burns The rule of 9’s Adult Child

9. Burns Care for Burns • Cool the burned area • Cover the burned area • Prevent infection • Minimise shock • Call an ambulance for serious burns

10. Burns

11. Inhalation and Chemical Burns Signs and Symptoms • Pain • Obvious Signs Of Burns • Singed Hair • Respiratory Distress • Loss Of Consciousness • Signs Of Shock

12. Inhalation of Fumes Inhalation of fumes may cause death through the lack of oxygen or toxic effects on the lungs, which can cause respiratory arrest. • These fumes may come from some of the following: • Solvents • Petroleum products • Smoke • Toxic gases and fumes • Carbon monoxide

13. Inhalation of Fumes Symptoms and Signs • Breathing difficulties. • Burns or stains around the mouth or nose. • Skin colour pale, cyanotic or turning cherry pink • Listlessness • Disorientation • Confusion • Symptoms and signs of shock • Collapse

14. Heat and Cold The Body’s Reaction Radiated Heat Skin Surface Blood Vessels

15. Hypothermia What is Hypothermia Hypothermia occurs when the body is unable to generate enough heat to replace that being lost to the environment and the core temperature drops below 350 C. Hypothermia is aMEDICAL EMERGENCY

16. 37o 35o 33o 30o 26o Hypothermia The effects of Hypothermia Normal Body Temperature Hypothermia Develops Cardiac Malfunction Unconscious Irreversible

17. 37o 35o 33o 30o 26o Hypothermia Signs and Symptoms Pale Skin Cold to Touch Shivering Loss of Muscle Coordination Slurring of Speech Behavioural Changes Slow Pulse / Respiration Loss of Consciousness

18. Hypothermia Risk Factors Factors that may increase a person’s susceptibility to hypothermia include: • Infancy • Old age • Heart problems • Circulatory system disorders • A thin body or low body fat • Hunger • Fatigue • Alcohol • Cigarette smoking • Drugs • Dehydration • Physical exertion.

19. Hypothermia First aid for all cases of hypothermia These first aid tips apply to all stages of hypothermia: • Don’t massage or rub the person. • Move the person out of the cold. • Remove wet clothing. • Try to warm the person. • Share body heat. • Don’t give alcohol. • Do not leave the person alone. • Continually monitor breathing. • Don’t assume the person is dead. • Seek medical aid. Call 000

20. Hypothermia Prevention Exposure to cold conditions, even for a short time, can be dangerous if you are not prepared. Shivering and feeling cold or numb are warning signs that the body is losing too much heat. Simple ways to prevent hypothermia include: • Avoid prolonged exposure to cold weather. • Be alert to weather conditions • Use a weatherproof outer layer to stay dry. • Drink plenty of fluids. • Eat regularly. • Take regular breaks to reduce the risk of physical fatigue. • Avoid alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine.

21. 37o 35o 33o 30o 26o Hypothermia Heat Escape Lessening Posture

22. 44o 43o 41.5o 39o 37.2o Hyperthermia Unconsciousness – ( Coma / Death). Serious Cardiac Condition Begins Heat Stroke Begins – (Body stops Sweating). Heat Exhaustion Begins (Body heats faster than it cools). Hyperthermic Condition Begins

23. Hyperthermia Your Body is a Good Regulator of Heat • Your body reacts to heat by circulating blood and raising your skin's temperature. The excess heat is then released through the skin by sweating. • Physical activity can limit the amount of blood that flows to the skin to release heat. • Sweating can also maintain a stable body temperature if the humidity level is low enough to permit evaporation and if the fluids and salts you lose are adequately replaced. • When your body cannot release heat, it stores it. This raises your core temperature and heart rate putting your health at risk.

24. Hyperthermia The Rising Temperatures • As temperatures rise, so does the stress on your body. • Two critical actions can help you battle the heat. • Acclimatising to the heat. • Consumption of water. • These two actions can help the most.

25. Hyperthermia Interfering with the Regulator • Many factors can cause unbalances in your body’s ability to handle heat. • Age • Weight • Fitness • Medical condition • Diet

26. Hyperthermia Summer Heat • Heat stress is a serious hazard in the workplace as well as at home. • Excessive heat can place an abnormal stress on your body. • When your body temperature rises even a few degrees above normal (which is about 37.1 degrees Celsius) you can experience • muscle cramps • become weak • disoriented • dangerously ill

27. Hyperthermia Six Factors of Heat Stress • Temperature • Humidity • Movement of Air or lack of air movement • The radiant temperature of the surroundings • Clothing • Physical activity

28. Hyperthermia Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble • Heat Stress will reduce your work capacity and efficiency • Signs of heat stress include: • Tiredness • Irritability • Inattention • Muscular cramps.

29. Hyperthermia Heat Stress-Early Sign of Trouble If you are: • Overweight • Physically unfit • Suffer from heart conditions • Drink too much alcohol • Are not used summer temperatures You may be at greater risk of heat stress and should seek and follow medical advice.

30. Hyperthermia Heat Cramps-Beware • May occur after prolonged exposure to heat • They are the painful intermittent spasms of the abdomen and other voluntary muscles • Heat Cramps usually occur after heavy sweating and may begin towards the end of the workday

31. Hyperthermia Heat Cramps- First Aid First aid for heat cramps will vary. • The best care is: • Rest • Move to a cool environment • Drink plenty of water- No soft drinks, Soda Water, or Alcohol. • Electrolyte fluids such as Gatorade may also be used.

32. Heat Exhaustion Time Running Out May result from physical exertion in hot environments. • Symptoms may include: • Profuse sweating • Weakness • Paleness of the skin • Rapid pulse • Dizziness • Nausea • Headache • Vomiting • Unconsciousness. • The skin is cool and clammy with sweat. Body temperature may be normal or subnormal.

33. Heat Exhaustion What Happens • Heat exhaustion develops when a person fails to replace fluids and salt that are lost through sweating. • You may start to experience extreme weakness, fatigue, giddiness, nausea or a headache as heat exhaustion progresses.

34. Heat Exhaustion First Aid • Rest in the shade or cool place. • Drink plenty of water (preferred) or electrolyte fluids. • Loosen clothing to allow the body to cool. • Use cool wet rags too aid cooling.

35. Heat Stroke You’re Out of Time This is a serious medical condition that urgently requires medical attention. Sweating is diminished or absent, which makes the skin hot and dry. Body temperature is very high (410 C. and rising).

36. Mental confusion Delirium Chills Dizziness Loss of consciousness Heat Stroke Signs and Symptoms • Convulsions or Coma. • A body temperature of 40.50 C or higher. • Hot, dry skin that may be red, mottled or bluish. • A strong fast pulse.

37. Heat Stroke Rapid Response • If you suspect someone is suffering from heat stroke, call an ambulance immediately • Their condition will rapidly deteriorate • You must provide care immediately

38. Heat Stroke First Aid • This is a Medical Emergency!! • Brain damage and death are possible • Until medical help arrives, move the victim from the heat and into a cool place Call 000

39. Heat Stroke First Aid • You must use extreme caution when soaking clothing or applying water to a victim. Shock may occur if done to quickly or with water too cool. • Soak his or her clothes with water and use a fan or ice packs. • Douse the body continuously with a cool liquid and summon medical aid immediately.

40. Heat Stress Index The heat index table was developed by the US Weather Service.

41. Heat Stress Index NOTE: When the air temperature is above 26.5 degrees C. and the relative humidity is above 40% the temperature the body experiences is greater than the air temperature.

42. Heat Stress Index

43. Bites & Stings • Snake Bite (Land & Sea). • Marine Stingers • Spiders, Scorpion, Centipede & Ants • Bush Ticks • Bees & Wasps.

44. Bites & Stings Pressure Immobilisation • Snakes (Land & Sea). • Box Jelly Fish – Also requires Vinegar application • Cone Shell • Funnel Web Spider • Blue Ringed Octopus • All Bites that cause an allergic reaction.

45. Pressure Bandage D.R.S.A.B.C.D. Rest and reassure person Apply pressure bandage From bite to toes or fingers Then up to groin or armpit. • Remember • Do not wash the bitten area • Do not remove the bandage • Do not elevate the limb • Do not walk, run to get help Do not remove the bandage once applied

46. Cold Pack (No Pressure Bandage) Pain Relief Use Ice Packs or Cold Water for 20 to 30 Minutes

47. These require Pressure Immobilisation Bandages

48. These Require HOTwater treatment REMEMBER Casualty should test the temperature before application

49. Treatment for ticks • Remove a tick by twisting with tweezers. • If the person is allergic, • Apply pressure immobilisation bandage • Seek medical care without delay

50. Poisons Poisons Enter the Body Via The Mouth The Lungs Injection Absorption