Dr. Victoria Chomo Products, Trade and Marketing Branch Fisheries & Aquaculture Department of FAO

1. Global trends in seafood and measures to combat IUU fishingRegional workshop on: “national and regional good practices in seafood traceability in Asia to combat IUU fishing”22-24 March 2016Kochi, India Dr. Victoria Chomo Products, Trade and Marketing Branch Fisheries & Aquaculture Department of FAO

2. OUTLINE • Trends in fish supply, demand and trade • Problem of capture fisheries governance and IUU • Multinational efforts to combat IUU fishing • Role of national stakeholders in seafood traceability

3. 9 billion by 2050

4. Projected Fish Requirement (Fish to 2030, FAO)

5. Projected fish gap (supply-requirements)

6. Trends in fish production million tonnes live weight Capture Aquaculture

7. State of World Fisheries Ave. 78-83 million tonnes Over last 20 years, output from global marine capture fisheries has remained constant

8. Fish production by region (FAO, 2012)

9. GLOBAL PROBLEM: Status of wild fish stocks Marine capture fisheries • Large proportion either fully utilized or over-fished • Limited potential for increased production In-Land Fisheries • Some stocks collapsed or collapsing • But some remain underutilized • Lack of data

10. Global Fisheries Governance

11. FAO estimates global cost of IUU fishing (2009) USD 10 - 23 billion per year

12. Role of multinational cooperation in combatting IUU fishing

13. International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate IUU Fishing (IPOA-IUU) IPOA-IUU (2001) falls within the framework of: • 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries • 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement • 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement Primary responsibility is the flag State, using all available jurisdiction in accordance with international law.

14. Port State Measures Agreement (2009) PSMA intends to remove economic incentives, impose penalties for IUU vessels, and block avenues of trade for IUU fish • will come into force when 25 ratifications have been received • the following are Parties to the Agreement: Australia, Barbados, Chile, Costa Rica, European Union – Member Organization, Gabon, Iceland, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Palau, Republic of Korea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Saint Kitts and Nevis, United States of America, Uruguay.

15. Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels The Global Record and Unique Vehicle Identification (IMO number): • Vessel registration • Licensing and monitoring • Transhipment declaration • Landing declaration, • Sales notes • Transport certificates

16. Regulating transhipment at sea • Transhipment outside the territorial sea should be regulated to prevent laundering of catches • Countries should monitor transhipments • Establish measures such as: • vessel registers • mandatory notification of intention to tranship • application of VMS

17. Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (2014) A flag state is defined as any country– whether coastal or landlocked – that registers a fishing vessel and authorizes the vessel to fly its flag. • Guidelines to improve accountability of flag states that register fishing vessels and authorize them to fly their flags. • Guidelines draw on and refer to existing international instruments: • 1993 FAO Compliance Agreement • 1995 FAO CCRF • 2001 FAO IPOA-IUU

18. Draft Voluntary Guidelines for Catch Documentation Schemes FAO developing CDS Guidelines based on following principles: conformity with the provisions of relevant international law; not create unnecessary barriers to trade; equivalence; risk-based; reliable, simple, clear and transparent; electronic, if possible.

19. Draft Voluntary Guidelines for Catch Documentation Schemes • Countries requested FAO to develop CDS Guidelines (COFI FT, Bergen, Feb 2014). • Expert Consultation, 15 CDS experts & resource persons met in Rome (21-24 July 2015). • Draft CDS Guidelines presented to countries (COFI FT, Agadir, Feb 2016). • Norway submitted alternate version of CDS guidelines, also presented at COFI FT, Agadir. Technical Consultation (18-22 April 2016) will be held at FAO HQ, Rome to discuss / approve CDS Guidelines

20. Questions for participants What are concerns of governments’ about IUU fish in their markets and international supply chains ? How can national governments help their private sectors to avoid trading in IUU fish ? How can importers design anti-IUU regulations that do not create technical barriers to trade for developing countries ? How can FAO help developing countries and small-scale fishers with market access for legal seafood products ?

21. Dr. Victoria Chomo Fisheries & Aquaculture Department Victoria.Chomo@fao.org THANK YOU

22. ANNEX 1: Definitions from IPOA-IUU Illegal fishing refers to activities: 3.1.1 conducted by national or foreign vessels in waters under the jurisdiction of a State, without the permission of that State, or in contravention of its laws and regulations; 3.1.2 conducted by vessels flying the flag of States that are parties to a relevant regional fisheries management organization but operate in contravention of the conservation and management measures adopted by that organization and by which the States are bound, or relevantprovisions of the applicable international law; or 3.1.3 in violation of national laws or international obligations, including those undertaken by cooperating States to a relevant regional fisheries management organization.

23. ANNEX 1: DefinitionS from IPOA-IUU Unreported fishing refers to fishing activities: 3.2.1 which have not been reported, or have been misreported, to the relevant national authority, in contravention of national laws and regulations; or 3.2.2 undertaken in the area of competence of a relevant regional fisheries management organization which have not been reported or have been misreported, in contravention of the reporting procedures of that organization. Unregulated fishing refers to fishing activities: 3.3.1 in the area of application of a relevant regional fisheries management organization that are conducted by vessels without nationality, or by those flying the flag of a State not party to that organization, or by a fishing entity, in a manner that is not consistent with or contravenes the conservation and management measures of that organization; or 3.3.2 in areas or for fish stocks in relation to which there are no applicable conservation or management measures and where such fishing activities are conducted in a manner inconsistent with State responsibilities for the conservation of living marine resources under international law.

24. ANNEX 2: International Legal FrameworkS BINDING INSTRUMENTS UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (UNCLOS) UN Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of UNCLOS relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995 (UN Fish Stocks Agreement) FAO Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 1993 (Compliance Agreement) FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, 2009 (Port State Measures Agreement) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (CBD) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 1973 (CITES)

25. NON- BINDING INSTRUMENTS FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (Code of Conduct, 1995) Technical guidelines in support of the implementation of the Code (28 publications) FAO International Plans of Action (IPOAs) IPOA for reducing the Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries (1999) IPOA on the management of fishing capacity (1999) IPOA for the conservation and management of sharks (1999) IPOA to prevent, deter and eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (2001) FAO Strategies on Information The Strategy for Improving Information on Status and Trends of Capture Fisheries (STF, 2003) FAO International Guidelines The Strategy and Outline Plan for Improving Information on Status and Trends of Aquaculture (2008) International Guidelines on Bycatch Management and Reduction of Discards (2011) International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries on the High Seas (2009) Voluntary Guidelines for Flag State Performance (2013)

26. NON- BINDING INSTRUMENTS Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002) recommendations to achieve sustainable fisheries, including the implementation of the Code of Conduct. Declarations (not actual instruments but adopted by governments during assembly in International fora). Examples: Declaration adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development – Rio Declaration (1992) The Cancun Declaration adopted by the International Conference on Responsible Fishing (1992) The Rome Declaration on the implementation of the Code of Conduct adopted by the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Fisheries (1999) The Reykjavik Declaration adopted by the International Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem (2001) The Rome Declaration on IUU Fishing adopted by the FAO Ministerial Meeting on Fisheries (2005) Declaration adopted by the UN Conference on Sustainable Development – Rio+20 Declaration (2012)