S TR A T E GIES F O R E N HA N C E M ENT I N F OO D P R O DU C T I ON

1. STRATEGIESFORENHANCEMENTINFOOD PRODUCTION

2. ANIMALHUSBANDRY: • Theagriculturalpracticeofbreedingandraisinglivestock. • Dealswithcareandbreedingoflivestocklikebuffaloes,cows,pigs,horses,cattle,sheep,camels,goatsetc. • Extendedformincludespoultryfarmingandfisheries. • Fisheriesincluderearing,catchingsellingetc.offish, • mollusks(shellfish)andcrustaceans(prawns,crabsetc.)

3. Diaryfarmmanagement: • Dairyingisthemanagementofanimalsformilkanditsproducts. • UseofimprovedbreedofcowsuchasJersey. • Wellhoused. • Shouldhaveadequatewater • Maintaineddiseasefree • Feedingshouldbescientificmanner. • Quantityandqualityoffodder • Stringentcleanlinessandhygiene. • Regularvisitbyaveterinarydoctorwouldbemandatory.

4. Poultryfarmmanagement: • Poultryistheclassofdomesticatedfowl(birds)usedforfoodandeggs. • Selectionofdiseasefreeandsuitablebreeds. • TheimprovedbreedofpoultryisLeghorn. • Properandsafefarmconditions • Properfeedandwater • Hygieneandhealthcare.

5. Animalbreeding: • Agroupofanimalsrelatedbydescentandsimilarinmostcharacterslikegeneralappearance,featuressize,configuration,etc,aresaidtobeabreed. • Inbreeding:crossesbetweensamebreed. • Outbreeding:crossesbetweendifferentbreeds.

6. Inbreeding: • Matingofmorecloselyrelatedindividualswithinthesamebreedfor4-6generations. • Superiormaleandfemaleisidentifiedandmatedinpairs. • Progenyobtainedareevaluatedandsuperiormalesandfemalesamongthemareidentifiedforfurthermating. • Moremilkperlactationisthecriteriaforsuperiorfemaleforcowandbuffalo.Superiormalewhichgivesrisetosuperiorprogeny. • Inbreedingincreaseshomozygosity. • Inbreedingisnecessarytocreatepurelineinanyanimal. • Inbreedingexposesharmfulrecessivegensthatareeliminatedbyselection. • Helpfulinaccumulationofsuperiorgenes. • Continuousinbreedingreducesfertilityandevenproductivity.Thisis • calledinbreedingdepression.

7. Outbreeding: • Out-breedingisthebreedingofunrelatedanimals. • Out-crossing: • Matingofanimalswithinthesamebreedbuthavingnocommon • ancestoroneithersideoftheirpedigreeupto4-6generations. • Offspringsofsuchmatingiscalledout-cross. • Asingleoutcrossoftenhelpstoovercomeinbreedingdepression. • Cross-breeding: • Superiormaleofonebreedarematedwithsuperiorfemaleofanotherbreed. • Itallowsthedesirablequalitiesoftwodifferentbreedstobecombined. • HisardaleisanewbreedofsheepdevelopedinPunjabby • crossingBikaneriewesandMarinorams.

8. Interspecifichybridization: • Maleandfemaleoftwodifferentspeciesaremated. • Theprogenymaycombinedesirablefeaturesofbo • parents.(mule) • Artificialinsemination: • Controlledbreedingexperimentsarecarrie • usingartificialinsemination. • Thesemeniscollectedfromthemaleandinjectedintothereproductivetractoftheselectedfemalebythebreeder. • Thesemencollectedmaybeusedimmediatelyorcan • befrozen ththe dout

9. MultipleOvulationEmbryoTransferTechnology: • Itisusedtoimprovechancesofsuccessfulproductionofhybrids. • CowisadministeredhormoneswithFSH-likeactivity • inducefollicularmaturationandsuperovulation • Productionof6-8eggsinsteadofoneeggpercycle. • Thefemaleiseithermatedwithanelitebullorartificiallyinseminated. • Non-surgicalrecoveryoffertilizedeggsat8-32cellsstages. • Eachonetransferredtosurrogatemother. • Thegeneticmotherisavailableforanotherroundofsuperovulation. • Thistechnologyisusedtoincreaseherdsizeinashorttime.

10. Bee–keeping: • Bee-keepingiscalledapiculture. • Itincludesmaintenanceofhivesofhoneybeesforproductionofhoney. • Honeyisafoodofhighnutritivevaluesandalsousedasmedicine. • Honeybeesalsoproducebeeswaxwhichhasmanyusedinindustry,like • preparationofcosmeticsandpolishesofvariouskinds. • Bee-keepingpracticedinareawithsufficientbeepasturesofsomewildshrubs,fruitorchardsandcultivatedcrops. • Apisindicaismostcommonspeciesusedinapiculture. •  •  • Thefollowingpointsareimportantforsuccessfulbee-keeping: • Knowledgeofthenatureandhabitsofbees. • Selectionofsuitablelocationforkeepingthebeehives. • Catchingandhivingofswarms(groupofbees) • Managementofbeehivesduringdifferentseasons. • Handlingandcollectionofhoneyandofbeeswax. • Beesarethepollinatorformanyplants,hencekeepingbeehivesincropfieldsduringfloweringperiod,increasespollinationandimprovehoneyyield.

11. Fisheries: • Fisheryindustryrelatedtocatching,processingorsellingoffishshellfishorotheraquaticanimals. • Commonfreshwaterfish:Catla,Rohuandcommoncarp. • Commonmarinefishes:Hilsa,Sardines,MackerelandPomfrets. • Productionofaquaticplantsandanimals,bothfreshwater • andmarinewaterisincreased • byPiscicultureandaquaculture. • IncreasingproductionofthefishiscalledBluerevolution.

12. PLANTBREEDING: • Plantbreedingasatechnologyhashelpedincreaseyieldstoalargeextent. • Greenrevolutionwasnotonlyresponsibletomeetthenational requirementoffood,butalsohelpeduseventoexportit. • Greenrevolutionisduetoplantbreedingtechniqueswhichdevelopedhighyieldingvarietyofwheat,rice,maizeetc. • Whatisplantbreeding? • Plantbreedingisthepurposefulmanipulationofplantspeciesinordertocreatedesiredplanttypesthatarebettersuitedforcultivation,givebetteryieldsandarediseaseresistant. • Classicalplantbreedinginvolvedcrossingorhybridizationofpurelinesfollowedbyartificialselectiontoproduceplantswithdesirabletraitsofhigheryield,nutritionandresistancetodiseases.

13. Traitforwhichplantbreedingdone: • Traitorcharactersthatthebreedershavetriedtoincorporatedintotheplantsareasfollows: • Increasedcropyield • Improvequality • Increasedtolerancetoenvironmentalstresses(salinity,extremetemperature,anddrought). • Resistanttopathogens(viruses,fungi,andbacteria) • Increasetolerancetoinsectpest.

14. Stepsinplantbreedingtechniques: • Collectionofvariability: • Geneticvariabilityistherootofanybreedingprogramme. • Pre-existinggeneticvariabilityisavailablefromwildrelativesofcrop. • Collectionandpreservationofallthedifferentwildvarieties,speciesandrelativesofthecultivatedspecies. • Evaluationfortheircharacteristics. • Theentirecollection(ofplants/seeds)havingallthediverseallelesforallgenesinagivencropiscalledgermplasmcollection.

15. Evaluationandselectionofparents: • Thegermplasmisevaluatedsoastoidentifyplantswithdesirablecombinationofcharacters. • Theselectedplantsaremultipliedandusedinhybridization. • Purelineiscreatedwhereverdesirableandpossible. •  • Crosshybridizationamongtheselectedparents: • Crosshybridizationoftwoselectedparentbyemasculationand • bagging,toproducehybridofcombinedcharacterofbothparents. • Forexamplehighproteinqualityofoneparentmayneedtobecombinedwithdiseaseresistancefromanotherpatent. • Usuallyoneinfewhundredtoathousandcrossesoffspringsshows • desirablecombinations.

16. Selectionandtestingofsuperiorrecombinants: • Selectionisdonefromtheprogenyofhybridsproducedbycrosshybridization. • Itrequirescarefulscientificobservationsandevaluationofprogeny. • Hybridplantsthataresuperiortobothoftheparentsareselected. • Thesehybridsareself-pollinatedforseveralgenerationstilltheyreachastateofuniformity(homozygosity). •  • Testing,releaseandcommercializationofnewcultivars: • Selectedpurelinesareevaluatedfortheiryieldandotheragronomictraitsofquality,diseaseresistanceetc. • Thisevaluationisdoneintheresearchfieldsandrecordingtheirperformanceunderidealfertilizer,irrigation • Testing is done in the farmers ‘fields’ at least for three generation. • Thematerialiscomparedwithbestavailablelocalcropcultivar.

17. Product:WheatandRice:- • Productionofwheatandriceincreasedinmanyfoldsduetosemi-dwarfvarietyduringtheperiodof1960-2000. • NobellaureateNormanE.Borlaug,atinternationalcentreforwheatandMaizeimprovementinMexico,developedsemi-dwarfvarietyofwheat. • In1963severalvarietiessuchSonalikaandKalyanSonahighyieldingvarietywasintroducedinIndia. • Semi-dwarfricewasderivedfromIR-8(developedatInternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI)Philippines)andTaichungNative–I(fromTaiwan). • JayaandRatna,semidwarfricevarietydevelopedinIndia. • Product:sugarcane: • SaccharumbarberiofnorthIndiawithpoorsugarcontentandyieldcrossedwithSaccharumofficinarumwiththickstemsandhighersugarcontenttoproducesugarcaneofhighyield,thickstems,andhighsugar.

18. PlantbreedingforDiseaseResistance: • Awiderangeoffungal,bacterialandviralpathogens,affectstheyieldofcultivatedcropspecies,theylessensheyieldupto20-30%sometimetotal. • Developmentofcultivarsresistanttodiseasesisessential. • Thisalsoreducehedependenceonhefungicideorinsecticide. •  • Pathogencausingdifferentdiseasesinplants: • Fungi:brownrustofwheat,redrotofsugarcane,lateblightofpotato. • Bacteria:blackrotofcrucifer, • Virus:tobaccomosaic,turnipmosaicetc.

19. Methodofbreedingfordiseaseresistant: • Screeningofgermplasmforresistancesources. • Hybridizationofselectedparent. • Selectionandevaluationofhybrids • Testingandreleaseofnewvarieties.

20. Mutationbreeding: • Geneticvariabilityiscreatedbyinducedmutation.(Byapplicationofmutagen,chemicalorphysical). • Screeningandselectionoftheparentwithdesirablecharacterused • asaparentalplantforbreedingprogramme. • Inmungbean,resistancetoyellowmosaicvirusandpowderymildewwereinducedbymutation. • Naturalwildvarietiesofplantwithdiseaseresistantgenesare • availablebutlowyield. • Thesewildvarietiesarehybridizedwithhighyieldvarietiestomakethemdiseaseresistantandalsohighyieldingvariety. • Resistancetoyellowmosaicvirusinbhindi(Abelmoschusesculentus)wastransferredfromawildspeciesandresultedanewvariety • ofA.esculentuscalledParbhanikranti.

21. PlantbreedingforDevelopingResistanttoinsectpest: • Anothermajorcauseoflargescaledestructionofcropplantsistheinsectandpestinfestation. • Insectresistanceinhostcropisduetomorphological,biochemicalorphysiologicalcharacteristics. • Charactersthatmaketheplantresistancetoinsectpest: • Hairyleavesinseveralplantsmakethemresistanttoinsectpest. • Solidsteminwheatleadtonon-preferencebystemsawfly. • Smoothleavesandnectar-lesscottonvarietydonotattractbollworms. • Highasparticacid,lownitrogenandsugarcontentinmaizemakethem • resistanttostemborers. • Stepsfordevelopinginsectpestresistantvarietyofcroparesameasothers. • Theresistantvarietyselectedeitherformthewildvarietyoffromotheravailablecultivars.

22. PlantbreedingforImprovedFoodquality • Aroundthreebillionpeoplesufferfrommicronutrient,proteinandvitamin • deficienciescalledHiddenhunger. • Dietslackingessentialmicronutrientsparticularlyiron,vitaminA,iodineorzinc-increasetheriskofdiseases;reducelifespan,reducementalability. • Biofortification:-breedingcropswithhigherlevelsofvitaminsandmineralsorhigherproteinandhealthierfats– isthemostpracticalmeanstoimprovepublichealth, •  • Objectivesofbiofortification:istoimprove • Proteincontentandquality. • Oilcontentandquality • Vitamincontentand • Micronutrientandmineralcontent

23. Hybridmaizedevelopedwithtwicetheamountofamino • acidslysineandtryptophan,comparedwithexistingmaize. • WheatvarietyAtlas66,havinghighproteincontenthasbeenused • asdonorforimprovingcultivatedwheat. • Ironfortifiedricedevelopedwithfivetimesmoreironthanexistingvariety. •  • IARINewDelhideveloped: • VitaminAenrichedcarrots,spinachpumpkin. • VitaminCenrichedbittergourd,bathuamustardtomato. • IronandCalciumenrichedspinachandbathua • Proteinenrichedbeans-broad,lablab,Frenchandgardenpeas.

24. SINGLECELLPROTEIN(SCP): • Morethat25%ofhumanpopulationissufferingfromhungerandmalnutrition. • OneofthealternatingsourcesofproteinsforanimalandhumanisSCP. • Productionofbiomass(protein)inlargescaleusingmicro-organismandlowcostrawmaterialiscalledsinglecellproteins. • MicrobeslikeSpirulinagrownonwastewaterfrompotatoprocessingplants,straw,molasses,animalmanureandevensewage,toproducelargequantitiesofbiomasswithrichinprotein,mineral,fats,carbohydrateandvitamins. • Ithasbeencalculatedthat250kgcowproduces200gmofproteinperday.Inthesameperiod250gmofmicro-organismlikeMethylophilusmethylotophus,expectedtoproduce25tonesofprotein. • Anotherexampleisproductionofbiomasslikemushroomfromstraw.

25. TISSUECULTURE: • Potencyorpowerorabilityofasinglecell/explantstodevelopawholeplantiscalledtotipotency. • Thispropertyledthescientistabletodevelopwholeplantfromexplants • – anypartofplant,cellgrowninatesttube,understerileconditionin • specialnutrientmedium. • Thenutrientmediumprovidesacarbonsourcesuchassucrose.Inorganicsalts,vitaminsaminoacidsandgrowthregulatorlikeauxin,cytokinin. • Themethodofproductionofthousandsofplantsthroughtissuecultureis • calledmicropropagation. • Plantsgrownbymicropropagationaregeneticallyidenticalcalledsomaclones. • Applicationoftissueculture: • Productionoflargenumberofplantfromsmalltissueorsinglecell. • Productionofgeneticallyidenticalplants(somaclones) • Recoveryofhealthyplantsfromdiseasedplantsbymeristemculture.Althoughtheplantinfectedwithvirus,themeristemisfreeofvirus.

26. Somatichybridization: • Isolationofsinglecellsfromtheplants. • Digestionofcellwalltogetprotoplastofdifferentdonorcells, • byuseofcellulaseandpectinase. • Twoprotoplastoftwodifferentplantswithdesirablecharacterarefusedtoformhybridprotoplast,eitherbyusingelectricfieldorbyPEG(polyethyleneglycol). • Thesehybridsarecalledsomatichybridandtheprocesscalledsomatichybridization.E.g.productionpomatoplantfrompotatoandtomato.