World History Chapter 1

1. World History Chapter 1 III. Foundations of Civilization

2. Bell Ringer Exercise • Get into small groups and create a definition of Civilization. Then make a list of characteristic institutions and features that a civilization should have.

3. Main Idea • From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations marking the beginnings of recorded history.

4. A) From Villages to Cities • Settlements became villages, villages became cities • Irrigation allowed more food to be produced • Surplus – excess of food – support larger populations • People began to work in other jobs besides farming • Division of labor – economic arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job • Traditional economy – economic decisions are based on custom, tradition, or ritual – exp. farmers trade for raw materials

5. Characteristics of Cities • Cities were larger and more densely populated than villages • Uruk, Iraq – 3000 BC 40,000 – 50,000 people and covered 1,000 acres; Catal Huyuk – 5,000 – 6,000 and covered 30 acres • Populations more diverse – not related - clan • More formal organized – defined center, palaces, temples and walls • Served as centers of trade – farmers fed the cities in return for goods they created.

6. B) The First Civilizations • Civilization – is a complex and organized society • 4 great river civilizations – Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, Huang He – flood – Mississippi?

7. Characteristics of Civilizations • Cities develop – Ur, Uruk, Memphis, Mohenjo Daro, Anyang • Organized Government – need planning and decision making – some ruled by religious people • Formalized religion – needed rituals for farming and other stuff – priests became very powerful. • Specialization of Labor – not all farmed - artisans – skill craftspeople – basketry, carpentry and such • Social Classes – rulers, priests upper; merchants and artisans next, then farmers and unskilled and then slaves • Record Keeping and Writing – developed written language to keep records – government and economic • The Arts – statues and paintings of tombs

8. First Calendar • Farmers first used a “calendar”. Use the flood. • Also used the moon. What is the problem? • Moon phase is 354 days – 11 short

9. Change in Civilizations • Environmental changes hurt cities – floods, drought, ruined soil, run out of resources • Spread of ideas through trade, customs, culture, ethnicity, art • cultural diffusion – spread of ideas, beliefs, customs, and technology from on culture to another. • beginning of warfare – as cities got bigger they needed more stuff – get it from the neighbors – mainly land

10. Review • How did early cities differ from early farming villages? • What was the relationship between job specialization and the development of social classes in early civilizations? • How did cultural diffusion affect early civilization?