The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Chapter 7 and 8

2. Bell Ringer -10/29 • List technology that has changed the way society and economics operated over the past 10 years. • Describe what life would be like without these.

3. Revolution Begins • Shifted the way people worked Human/animal power Water and steam power • Industrial revolution – era of the rise of power-driven machinery

4. Factors of Development • Exploration and colonialism – provided many raw materials and new markets • Seapower – bring in raw materials • Political stability – country at peace • Government support – laws favoring businesses • Growth of private investment – private business funding

5. Agricultural Changes • Improvements (research and development) • Breeding methods • More varieties of crops • More food = increase in population • Enclosure movement – combining of smaller fields to create larger farms • forced poor farmers to the city

6. Factors of Production – essential elements a country needs to achieve economic success

7. Invention Patent Project • As members of the Court of Appeals, you will be assigned one of the inventions to discuss. • As a group, you will keep written documentation explaining your decision. • Fill out the form based on the information presented by the inventors, not personal opinion. Good Luck!

8. Textiles • Weaving used to be a cottage industry • Supply of both cotton and wool increased, therefore increased demand for cloth • America/slavery profitable • Machines took over for cottage industry, putting people out of work • Factories built to house new machines (near water sources)

9. Steam Power • First steam machines were slow • Improved by James Watt • Factories used steam, no longer need steady supply of water • Moved closer to people and supplies • Steam powered transportation • Locomotive • Ships/boats • Needed fuel to heat water = coal • Factories build near coal mines

10. The Spinning Jenny - 1764

11. The Flying Shuttle - 1733

12. Watt’s Steam Engine - 1775

13. Industry and the West • Key to industry = freedom of economic activity • Democratic governments (more freedoms) • Competition is good • U.S. Industry • Hamilton argued it would help U.S. gain economic independence from G.B. • Samuel Slater brought Arkwright’s machine design to U.S. • Francis Cabot Lowell build first all-in-one mill

14. Spread to Europe and Asia Europe Asia • Belgium next – William Cockerill • France plagued by political unrest. Mid 1800s industrialized • Germany lacked central government. Railways helped industry grow. • Japan industrialized 1860s under modernization of Meiji government • China, Russia, and India industrialized 1900s

15. Questions for Primary Sources • What are the conditions being described/pictured? • How did the Industrial Revolution lead to these conditions? • What are the effects on the living and working conditions based on the sources? • What recommendation would you give to address this issue?

16. Life Before Industrial Revolution Life During Industrial Revolution Causes for change

17. New Economy • Factories required large amounts of capital • 3 tiered system • Wealthy businessmen – invest and own • Employees to run and supervise • Employees to run machines • Little incentive to work hard • Plentiful workers • Women and children (pay less) • Luddite movement – riots of unhappy cottage workers who destroyed factories

18. Changing Labor Conditions • Government didn’t want to interfere with business • Workers formed labor unions – organizations representing workers’ interests • Organized strikes • British parliament banned unions and strikes • Pressure from public • Sadler Report

19. Mass Production • American System • Mass production – system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items • Interchangeable parts – identical machine made parts • Assembly line – each worker performs one step in the manufacturing process • Advantages – dramatic increase in production; costs went down; more affordable • Disadvantages – repetitious jobs

20. New Economic Ideas Adam Smith Thomas Malthus • Laissez-faire – governments shouldn’t control trade • Market systems where economy is free from restrictions • British government agreed • Concerned about population growth • Population would grow faster than food production • Only curbed by war, disease, and famine • Poverty would never go away • Britain used to justify limited charity

21. New Business Leaders • Entrepreneurs – someone who starts a new business • Pooled money to create large corporations • Began to buy and sell companies for profit • Famous examples include • Andrew Carnegie – steel • Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads • John D. Rockefeller – oil • Major contributions • Criticized for harsh treatment of workers • No strikes/unions

22. Additional Questions Carnegie Worksheet: • What were the positive and negative impacts that Carnegie had as a business leader? • What do you think his most important legacy is and why? Communist Manifest Worksheet: • Based on this excerpt, what is Marx and Engels’ definition of communism? • Do you think the original theory is used or interpreted the same today? Explain.

23. Socialism • Distresses upon working class families • Socialism - a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns the means of production • common distribution to all • In this utopian society, workers • Use abilities for the good of society • Everyone's needs would be met • Robert Owen – created New Lanark and New Harmony after this idea

24. New Lanark, Scotland

25. New Harmony, Indiana

26. New Socialism • Industrial capitalism caused more harm than good • The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels • Blamed industrial capitalism for hardships • Communism - economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning; without social classes

27. New Socialism (cont.) • All history is the history of class struggle • Two groups constantly opposed • Bourgeoisie – middle class • Proletariat – working class • Oppressors controlled production and workers • Struggle would lead to a violent revolution • Oppressed (proletariat) would overthrow the oppressors and establish a dictatorship • Create a classless society

28. Types of Systems • Communism – economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning; without social classes • Socialism – a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns the means of production • Utopianism – a ideal society in which poverty and social evils are eliminated • Capitalism – an economic system in which most businesses are privately owned

29. Types of Economic Systems • explain how each aimed to change or benefit society • could this theory work today? why or why not? • capitalism • utopianism • socialism • communism