Unit 3 Grammar & usage

1. Unit 3 Grammar & usage

2. U3 Grammar Non-restrictive attributive clauses 非限制性定语从句

3. who/that Who is he? *The man ______ is sitting there is Brad Pitt. **The man —————————she speaks to is Brad Pitt. The man ______ she speaks is Brad Pitt. who/whom /that/- to whom

4. who Who is she? Cecilia, ______ took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. Cecilia, _______ body is thin, still wants to lose some weight （减肥）. whose

5. 限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用逗号隔开； 非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。 My cousinwhose father is ateacher wants to be an actor. My cousin , whose father is a teacher, wants to be an actor.

6. 1.A.This is the place where I lived ten years ago . B.She is going to spend the winter holiday in Macao, which returned to China in 1999. 2.A.He is a man who I can ask for help. B.His father , who works in Beijing, came back yesterday 限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整；非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。

7. 有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思 1.I have a sister who works in a hospital. （不只一位姐姐） 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。 2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital. 我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。 （只有一位姐姐） 3.All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。 （杂志有带图画和不带图画两类） 4.All the magazines here , which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。 （杂志只有一种）

8. His father, who works in Beijing , came back yesterday. 当先行词是地名人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句。 Shanghai , which is in East China ,is developing rapidly.

9. Fill in the blanks with proper relative words. 1.The famous basketball star, _____is an American,came to China yesterday. 2.In those days,she used to go to Mr black,with _____she had a wonderful time. 3.I bought a car yesterday,_____ cost me a lot. 4.Xi’an, ______I visited last year, is a nice old city. 5.He will come to see me next July, ___ he won’t be so busy. 6.The school,_______I once studied,was built thirty years ago. 7.John said he’d been working in the office for an hour,_______ was true. who whom which which when where which

10. Are these sentences attributive clauses? He told me a story,whichis already known to all. He came late,whichmade the teacher angry. He missed the movie,which was a great pity. “which” can be used to refer to __________________.

11. He issucha clever boy ____ can solve all the questions. This issuchan interesting book ____ interests all students. This is sodifficult a question ____ no one can work out. He issopopular a person ___ we all like to talk with. I boughtthe samecar ___ he is driving.

12. 1. He is a hard working student, ___ we all know. 2. He has won first prize, ____ we all expected. 3. ____ we hoped, he came to help us. 4. ___ was planned, the work was finished on time. “as” can be used to refer to a whole sentence.

13. What’s the difference between “which” and “as” when they refer to a whole sentence? Structure: “as” can be used in front of the sentence Aswas expected, we won the game. We won the game,aswas expected. Meaning: “as” always means: 正如…一样

14. More examples He missed the show,whichwas a great pity. He invited me to dinner, which made me happy. 非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。As引导的定语从句既可以位于句末，也可以位于句首或句中。 Aseveryone knows,China is a country with a long history.正如大家所知，中国是一个有着悠久历史的国家。 She is a teacher,as is clear from her manner. 她是位教师，这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。

15. 典型例题 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____, of course, made the others envy(嫉妒)him. (2004, 天津卷) A. who B. that C. what D. which D

16. D Carol said the work would be done by October, _____ personally(就我个人而论) I doubt(怀疑) very much. (1999) A. it B. that C. when D. which

17. 非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系代词和副词 关系代词：which / who / whom / whose /as 关系副词：when / where (非限制性定语从句中不用关系词that；非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略)

18. Other examples 1.I am doing different types of exercises, all of _______are quite helpful to my health. 2.Many people , some of ______are not overweight , are going on diets. 3.There are 54 students in my class, three of________come from US. which whom whom 在of which/whom之前可以使用表达数量或定位的数词或代词。

19. 典型例题 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. (2004, 辽宁卷) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that A

20. Can you find the non-restrict attributive clauses in your reading, p 42,43 *I’m taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.

21. *My mother,whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous. *Then the doctor found someone in your country, whose name is Li Dong, was an exact match for me.

22. It’s the same in China---many people, some of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.

23. 高考回放 C • The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success. (2004, 全国卷I) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which

24. A • There were dirty marks on her trousers _______ she had wiped her hands. (2004，全国卷II) A. where B. which C. when D. that

25. 1. I have many friends, some _______ are businessmen. (2005，全国II卷) A. why B. from which C. who of D. of whom D

26. D 2．If a shop has chairs _______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005，上海卷) A. that B. which C. when D. where

27. C 3．I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005,辽宁卷) A. which B. when C. where D. that

28. 4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped. (2005，安徽卷) A. when B. which C. what D. that A

29. 5. Jim passed the driving test, _______ surprised everybody in the office. （2005，浙江卷） A. which B. that C. this D. it A

30. U3 Grammar question tags (2nd period)

31. Do you say “I love you” to your parents, how do you say?

32. Sometimes, you can ask: You love me, don’t you?

33. This kind of sentence is called question tag. Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements.

34. Question tags can be used when you… • ask for agreement eg: you still go to the gym every day, don’t you ? • ask for confirmation eg: you still go to the gym every day, don’t you?

35. start a conversation. eg: It’s a lovely day, isn’t it? • to soften an order or a request. eg: Pass the plate on the table to me, will you? • request information in a more polite way. eg: Neither of you has heard the news, have you?

36. Notice: 1.We use a negative question tag at the end of a positive statement; we use a positive question tag at the end of a negative statement.

37. Looking good is important to women, isn’t it? I was very lucky, wasn’t I? We shouldn’t be ashamed of the way we look, should we?

38. 2. Words like neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly or seldom are considered negative.

39. will you? 2.No one has found my CD, have they? 1.Neither of you will have coffee, 3.Nobodyunderstood his speech, did they? 4.His sister seldom argues with people, does she?

40. 3. We use a personal pron. like I, we, you, he, she, it or they in a question tag. You wouldn’t like to take these pills, wouldyou? Everyone has go on a diet, advisedyou not to haven't they?

41. 4. We use an auxiliary verb, model verb or be in a question tag. eg: You like traveling, don’t you? eg: You can’t speak Italian, can you? eg: There is something wrong, isn’t there?

42. 5. After an imperative clause, we use will you. After Let’s, we use shall we. eg: Post a letter for me, will you? eg: Let’s have a break, shall we?

43. 反意疑问句的常见注意点 • 1.当前面句子中有used to 时，后面应用usedn’t--- 或didn’t--- He used to live in the countryside, __________? • 2.当前面句子中有ought to 时，后面应用oughtn’t---

44. 3.前面句子中有must时, 1)在表示must推测时,不用mustn’t,而根据句子所表示的时态来决定 You must be tired, aren’t you? He must have done it last night, didn’t he? Tom must have been to Shanghai before, hasn’t he? 2)在must 表示禁止时，应用mustn’t. You mustn’t walk on grass, must he?

45. 4.当前面句子的主语是everyone/everybody/nobody/one/none等不定代词时，反义疑问句的主语应用they;4.当前面句子的主语是everyone/everybody/nobody/one/none等不定代词时，反义疑问句的主语应用they; • 5.当前面句子的主语是something/everything/nothing时,反义疑问句的主语应用it.

46. 6.当陈述部分的主语是I,谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect 这类动词时，附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移． I suppose that he’s serious, isn’t he? I don’t think she cares, does she? I don’t think he can finish his home can he? work in time,

47. 7.当陈述部分是以there be 句型出现，反意问句用be 动词的适当形式＋(not)+ there. There is a lot of water, isn’t there?

48. 8.当陈述部分had better 时，疑问部分 用had. You’d better finish your homework now, hadn’t you?

49. 典型例题回放 1. ---Why does she always ask you for help? ---There is no one else she can turn to, ________? (2005, 北京卷) A. is there B. is it C. can she D. does she A

50. 2. There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended _____? (2005, 上海卷) A. wasn’t there B. was there C. didn’t it D. did it A